NCERT Solutions Class 8th Geography Chapter – 4 Industries in which we What are the 4 main industries , What are 10 industries, What are the 12 industries, What are the 24 industry groups, What are the top 10 industries in India, What are the top 3 industries in India, reading about etc
NCERT Solutions Class 8th Geography Chapter – 4 Industries
Chapter – 4
Industries
Notes
CLASSIFICATION OF INDUSTRIES – Industries can be classified on the basis of raw materials, size and ownership.
FACTORS AFFECTING LOCATION OF INDUSTRIES – The factors affecting the location of industries are the availability of raw material, land, water, labour, power, capital, transport and market. Industries are situate d where some or all of these factors are easily available. Sometimes, the government provides incentives like subsidised power, lower transport cost and other infrastructure so that industries may be located in backward areas. Industrialisation often leads to development and growth of towns and cities.
INDUSTRIAL SYSTEM – An industrial system consists of inputs, processes and outputs. The inputs are the raw materials, labour and costs of land, transport, power and other infrastructure. The processes include a wide range of activities that convert the raw material into finished products. The outputs are the end product and the income earned from it. In case of the textile industry the inputs may be cotton, human labour, factory and transport cost. The processes include ginning, spinning, weaving, dyeing and printing. The output is the shirt you wear.
INDUSTRIAL REGIONS – Industrial regions emerge when a number of industries locate close to each other and share the benefits of their closeness. Major industrial regions of the world are eastern North America, western and central Europe, eastern Europe and eastern Asia Major industrial regions tend to be located in the temperate areas, near sea ports and especially near coal fields.
DISTRIBUTION OF MAJOR INDUSTRIES – The world’s major industries are the iron and steel industry, the textile industry and the information technology industry. The iron and steel and textile aindustry are the older industries while information technology is an emerging industry.
The countries in which iron and steel industry is located are Germany, USA, China, Japan and Russia. Textile industry is concentrated in India, Hong Kong, South Korea, Japan and Taiwan. The major hubs of Information technology industry are the Silicon valley of Central California and the Bangalore region of India.
JAMSHEDPUR – Before 1947, there was only one iron and steel plant in the country – Tata Iron and Steel Company Limited (TISCO). It was privately owned. After Independence, the government took the initiative and set up several iron and steel plants. TISCO was started in 1907 at Sakchi, near the confluence of the rivers Subarnarekha and Kharkai in Jharkhand. Later on Sakchi was renamed as Jamshedpur. Geographically, Jamshedpur is the most conveniently situated iron and steel centre in the country.
Industries are classified
On the basis of raw materials – Agro-based industries, Mineral-based industries, Marine-based industries, Forest-based industries.
• On the basis of size: Small scale industries and Large scale industries.
Pittsburgh is an important steel city of USA.
The cotton textile industry is one of the oldest industries in the world. India is renowned for producing excellent quality cotton. The first mechanised textile mill in India was established in Mumbai in 1854. Rapid expansion of the industry took place owing to the warm, moist climate, the presence of a port nearby, and availability of raw material and labour at cheap cost.
Ahmedabad is the second largest textile city in India after Mumbai. It is referred to as the “Manchester of India”. In recent years textile mills here have started getting closed down due to several problems.
Osaka is the “Manchester of Japan”
The Information Technology (IT) sector deals in the storage, processing and distribution of information. The major hubs of IT industry are Silicon Valley in USA and Bangalore in India.
Manufacturing – Manufacturing refers to changing raw materials to a usable form, which can be more valuable to people.
Product – A product is something obtained from raw materials by certain processes so that it is something usable and of importance.
Industry – Industry refers to economic activity that is concerned with the production of goods, extraction of minerals or provision of services.
Agro-based Industries – These are industries that use plant and animal-based products as raw material.
Mineral-based Industries – These are industries that use mineral ores as their raw material.
Marine-based Industries – These are industries that use sea and ocean products as their raw material.
Forest-based Industries – These are industries that use forest produce as raw material.
Small-Scale Industries – These are industries that run on little capital and infrastructure.
Large-Scale industries- These are industries that run on a large amount of capital and have a big infrastructure.
Private-Sector Industries- These are industries owned and run by an individual or group of individuals.
Public-Sector Industries – These are industries owned and run by the government.
Joint-Sector Industries – These are industries owned and run by the state as well as individuals.
Cooperative Sector Industries- These are industries owned and operated by producers or suppliers of raw materials.
Smelting- Smelting is the process of extracting the minerals from their ores by heating beyond their melting point.
Refining- Refining is the process of yielding the highest possible purity of metal obtained from mineral.
Steel: Steel is an alloy of iron obtained from the iron ore.
Information Technology Industry – The IT industry deals in the storage, processing and distribution of information.
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