Ncert Solutions Class 7th History Chapter – 8 Eighteenth-Century Political Formation Notes

Ncert Solutions Class 7th History Chapter – 8 Eighteenth-Century Political Formation

TextbookNCERT
Class 7th
Subject Social Science (History)
Chapter8th
Chapter NameEighteenth-Century Political Formation
CategoryClass 7th Social Science (History)
Medium English
SourceLast Doubt
Ncert Solutions Class 7th History Chapter – 8 Eighteenth-Century Political Formation Notes – for example Why did 18th century rulers want a balance of power, Who is the outstanding ruler of 18th century, What was the political system in 18th century Europe, What was the biggest problem of the 18th century, What was the gender inequality in the 18th century, What was one economic change in the eighteenth century, What are the two types of state succession, What was the state of the Indian society in the 18th century etc. We will read about it in detail

Ncert Solutions Class 7th History Chapter – 8 Eighteenth-Century Political Formation

Chapter – 8

Eighteenth-Century Political Formation

Notes

The Crisis of the Empire and the Later Mughals

• The Mughal Empire started facing a variety of crises towards the closing years of the seventeenth century caused by a number of factors. Emperor Aurangzeb depleted the military and financial resources of his empire by fighting a long war in the Deccan. Under his successors, the efficiency of the imperial administration broke down. Nobles appointed as governors (subadars) often controlled the offices of revenue and military administration (diwani and faujdari).

• Peasant and zamindari rebellions in many parts of northern and western India added to these problems. These revolts were caused by the pressures of mounting taxes. Mughal authority had been challenged by rebellious groups in the past as well. The Mughal emperors after Aurangzeb were unable to arrest the gradual shifting of political and economic authority into the hands of provincial governors, local chieftains and other groups.

• Nadir Shah, sacked and plundered the city of Delhi in 1739 and took away immense amounts of wealth. This invasion was followed by a series of plundering raids by the Afghan ruler Ahmad Shah Abdali, who invaded north India five times between 1748 and 1761.

• Mughal Empire was further weakened by competition amongst different groups of nobles. They were divided into two major groups, the Iranis and Turanis (nobles of Turkish descent).
The Watan Jagirs of the Rajputs

• Many Rajput kings had served under the Mughals with distinction. In exchange, they were permitted to enjoy considerable autonomy in their watan jagirs. These influential Rajput families claimed the subadari of the rich provinces of Gujarat and Malwa. Raja Ajit Singh of Jodhpur held the governorship of Gujarat and Sawai Raja Jai Singh of Amber was governor of Malwa. These offices were renewed by Emperor Jahandar Shah in 1713.

• Nagaur was conquered and annexed to the house of Jodhpur, while Amber seized large portions of Bundi. Sawai Raja Jai Singh founded his new capital at Jaipur and was given the subadari of Agra in 1722. Maratha campaigns into Rajasthan from the 1740s put severe pressure on these principalities and checked their further expansion.

Seizing Independence

The Sikhs

• During the seventeenth century, Sikhs helped in regional state-building in Punjab. Several battles were fought by Guru Gobind Singh against the Rajput and Mughal rulers, both before and after the institution of the Khalsa in 1699. After his death in 1708, the Khalsa rose in revolt against the Mughal authority.

• In the eighteenth century, the Sikhs organized themselves into a number of bands called jathas, and later on misls. Their combined forces were known as the grand army (dal khalsa). A system called rakhi was introduced, offering protection to cultivators on the payment of a tax of 20 percent of the produce.

• Guru Gobind Singh inspired the Khalsa with the belief that their destiny was to rule (raj karega khalsa). The Khalsa declared their sovereign rule by striking their own coin again in 1765. The Sikh territories in the late eighteenth century extended from the Indus to the Jamuna but they were divided under different rulers. One of them, Maharaja Ranjit Singh, reunited these groups and established his capital at Lahore in 1799.
The Marathas

• The Maratha kingdom was a powerful regional kingdom. Shivaji (1627-1680) carved out a stable kingdom with the support of powerful warrior families (deshmukhs). Peasant pastoralists were the backbone of the Maratha army. After Shivaji’s death, effective power in the Maratha state was wielded by a family of Chitpavan Brahmanas who served Shivaji’s successors as Peshwa (or principal minister). Poona became the capital of the Maratha kingdom.

• Under the Peshwas, the Marathas developed a very successful military organisation. Between 1720 and 1761, the Maratha empire expanded. Malwa and Gujarat were seized from the Mughals by the 1720s. By the 1730s, the Maratha king was recognised as the overlord of the entire Deccan peninsula. He possessed the right to levy chauth and sardeshmukhi in the entire region.

• In 1739, Delhi was conquered by Marathas and it expanded rapidly: into Rajasthan and the Punjab in the north; into Bengal and Orissa in the east; and into Karnataka and the Tamil and Telugu countries in the south. Expansion brought enormous resources. These military campaigns also made other rulers hostile towards the Marathas. As a result, they were not inclined to support the Marathas during the third battle of Panipat in 1761.

• The Marathas developed an effective administrative system. Revenue demands were introduced taking local conditions into account. Agriculture was encouraged and trade revived. Maratha campaigns into Malwa in the 1720s did not challenge the growth and prosperity of the cities in the region. New trade routes emerged within the areas controlled by the Marathas. The silk produced in the Chanderi region now found a new outlet in Poona, the Maratha capital.
The Jats

• The Jats consolidated their power during the late seventeenth and eighteenth-centuries. Under their leader, Churaman, they acquired control over territories situated to the west of the city of Delhi, and by the 1680s they had begun dominating the region between the two imperial cities of Delhi and Agra.

• The Jats were prosperous agriculturists. Under Suraj Mal, the kingdom of Bharatpur emerged as a strong state. The Bharatpur fort was built in a fairly traditional style, at Dig the Jats built an elaborate garden palace combining styles seen at Amber and Agra. Its buildings were modelled on architectural forms first associated with royalty under Shah Jahan.

Question 1. What was Chauth? 

25% of the land revenue claimed by zamindars was known as Chauth.

Question 2. What was sardeshmukhi? 

9-10% of the land revenue paid to the head revenue collector in the Deccan was known as sardeshmukhi.

Question 3. Under whose leadership the Jats became powerful?

he Jats became powerful under the leadership of churaman.

Question 4. Why did zamindars of Bengal borrow money from bankers and moneylenders?

They borrowed money to pay the revenue in cash.

Question 5. Which parts of India were associated with peasant and zamindari rebellions?

Northern and western parts of India.

Question 6. Name the three states that were carved out of the old Mughal provinces in the 18th century. 

Awadh, Bengal and Hyderabad.

Question 7. What was the ambition of the Nizam-ul-Mulk Asaf Jah?

He wished to control the rich textile producing areas of the Coromandal coast in the east.

Question 8. Why was his ambition not fulfilled?

Because the British began to gain power in his region.

Question 9. What was the geographical and economic importance of Awadh? 

Awadh was a prosperous region, controlling the rich alluvial Ganga plain and the main trade route between north India and Bengal.

Question 10. Name the new social groups that developed in Awadh to influence the management of the state’s revenue system ?

Moneylenders and bankers.

Question 11. Where did Sawai Raja Jai Singh found his new capital?

He founded his new capital at Jaipur

Question 12. Why was a system called rakhi introduced?

This system was introduced to give protection to cultivators on the payment of a tax of 20% of the produce.

Question 13. Who was Shivaji?

Shivaji was the founder of the Maratha Kingdom

Question 14. How were peasant-pastoralists important for Shivaji? 

Peasant-pastoralists provided the backbone of the Maratha army. Shivaji used these forces to challenge the Mughals in the peninsula.

Question 15. What was the effect of Aurangzeb’s long war in the Deccan? 

The military and financial resources of his empire got depleted,
NCERT Solution Class 7th History All Chapters Notes
Chapter – 1 Introduction: Tracing Changes Through a Thousand Years
Chapter – 2 Kings and Kingdoms
Chapter – 3 DelhI: 12th TO 15th CENTURY
Chapter – 4 The Mughals (16th TO 17th CENTURY)
Chapter – 5 Tribes, Nomads and Settled Communities
Chapter – 6 Devotional Paths To The Divine
Chapter – 7 The Making of Regional Cultures
Chapter – 8 Eighteenth-Century Political Formation
NCERT Solution Class 7th History All Chapters Question & Answer
Chapter – 1 Introduction: Tracing Changes Through a Thousand Years
Chapter – 2 Kings and Kingdoms
Chapter – 3 DelhI: 12th TO 15th CENTURY
Chapter – 4 The Mughals (16th TO 17th CENTURY)
Chapter – 5 Tribes, Nomads and Settled Communities
Chapter – 6 Devotional Paths To The Divine
Chapter – 7 The Making of Regional Cultures
Chapter – 8 Eighteenth-Century Political Formation
NCERT Solution Class 7th History All Chapters MCQ
Chapter – 1 Introduction: Tracing Changes Through a Thousand Years
Chapter – 2 Kings and Kingdoms
Chapter – 3 DelhI: 12th TO 15th CENTURY
Chapter – 4 The Mughals (16th TO 17th CENTURY)
Chapter – 5 Tribes, Nomads and Settled Communities
Chapter – 6 Devotional Paths To The Divine
Chapter – 7 The Making of Regional Cultures
Chapter – 8 Eighteenth-Century Political Formation

You Can Join Our Social Account

YoutubeClick here
FacebookClick here
InstagramClick here
TwitterClick here
LinkedinClick here
TelegramClick here
WebsiteClick here