NCERT Solutions Class 12th Economics (Indian Economic Development) Chapter – 8 Infrastructure Notes

NCERT Solutions Class 12th Economics (Indian Economic Development) Chapter – 8 Infrastructure

NCERT Solutions Class 12th Economics (Indian Economic Development) Chapter – 8 Infrastructure

?Chapter – 8?

✍Infrastructure✍

?Notes?

Infrastructure – Infrastructure refers to the supporting infrastructure by which various types of services are provided to the main production sectors like agriculture, industry and commerce, which have a direct or indirect effect on the production of goods and services.

Types of Infrastructure

• Economic infrastructure (energy, telecommunications, transport),
• social infrastructure (education, health, civic amenities),
• economic and social infrastructure both together help in the overall development of the economy. Both
• are complementary and helpful to each other.

Importance of infrastructure

• Helps in the functioning of the economy.
• The development of agriculture provides
• better quality of life,
• employment.
• Helps in external procurement.

Status of infrastructure in India 

According to Census 2001, only 56% of rural households had electricity.

The availability of tap water is limited to only 24% of rural households and the rest of the households use water from open sources.

India invests only 5% of its GDP on infrastructure which is far below China and Indonesia.

Energy – It plays an important role in the development of the economy. There is a positive correlation between economic growth and energy demand.

source of energy 

Commercial energy – comes from those sources of energy which have a cost and users have to pay for them.

Non-commercial energy – includes all those sources of energy which generally have no cost.

Traditional sources – Man has been using these sources for a long time. These sources of energy are limited.

Non-conventional sources – Their use has started recently. This source is unlimited.

Sector wise structure of consumption of commercial energy

The industrial sector accounts for the largest share of 45% of the total consumption of commercial energy. But the share of industrial sector has declined from 62.6% in 1950-51 to 45% in 2012-13.

There is a continuous increase in the consumption of electricity in the household sector (22%) and agriculture sector (18%).

Commercial energy consumption accounts for about 65% of the total energy consumption in India. The largest share of this includes 55% coal, 31% oil, 11% natural gas and 3% hydroelectricity.

Power – Power is the most important component of the infrastructure.

Sources of power generation

• Thermal power 71.28%
• Hydro-electricity 25.99%
• Nuclear power 2.73%

Challenges before the energy sector

• Inadequacy of power generation,
• low plant load factor
• , lack of public cooperation,
• losses to electricity boards
• , slow progress in the development of nuclear power,
• shortage of raw materials
• , less role of the private sector

Tips to deal with power crisis

• Improvement in plot load factor,
• increase in generation capacity,
• control of transmission and distribution losses
• , encouragement of foreign direct investment in power generation and privatization.
• Use of renewable sources.

Status of health based structures

The Union Government, through the Central Committee on Health and Family Welfare, makes detailed policies and plans.

Many types of hospitals have been established by the government at the village level.

It is only due to the expansion of health-based structures that almost eradication of deadly diseases like smallpox, leprosy has been possible.

Role of private sector

More than 70% of hospitals in India are run by the private sector.

About 60% of the dispensaries are covered by the private sector.

The role of the government in providing health care is nonetheless important as poor people can only depend on government hospitals due to heavy expenditure on private health services.

Community and non profit organizations

Community participation is an important aspect of a good health care system. For example:-

1) SEWA in Ahmedabad
2) ACCORD in Nilgiris

Medical Tourism in India –  Healthcare services in India are cheap as compared to the cost of similar health services in other countries. But India needs to improve its health infrastructure to attract more foreigners.

Indicators of health and health based structures

Expenditure on health sector G. D. P. of only 4.8%.

India has about 17% of the world’s population, but it bears an appalling 20% ​​of the world’s global burden.

Every year about one lakh children die due to water borne diseases.

Rural – Urban Division 

70% of India’s population lives in rural areas but only 20% of the hospitals and 50% of the total dispensaries are in rural areas.

Primary health centers in rural areas do not even provide the facility of X-ray or blood test, which is a part of basic health care.

There is a wide divide between urban and rural health care in India.

women’s health

The sex ratio fell from 945 in 1991 to 927 in 2001. This shows the increasing incidents of female feticide in the country.

More than 50% of married women between the ages of 15 and 49 have anemia.

Private-public partnerships can effectively ensure reliability, quality and access to both medicine and medicine.