NCERT Solutions Class 12th Economics (India Economic Development) Chapter – 9 Environment and Sustainable Development Notes In English

NCERT Solutions Class 12th Economics (India Economic Development) Chapter – 9 Environment and Sustainable Development

NCERT Solutions Class 12th Economics (India Economic Development) Chapter – 9 Environment and Sustainable Development

?Chapter – 9?

✍Environment and Sustainable Development✍

Notes

Sustainable Development – Many definitions of sustainable development have been given, but the most cited definition is given by Our Common Future, also known as Butland Report. Development that meets the needs of the present generation without compromising on the ability to meet the needs of future generations.

Meaning of  – Sustainable Development – ​​The concept of sustainable development mainly depends on three bases which are economic, environmental and social or ecology, economy and equity. Some writers have also accepted culture as a fourth premise.

Measures to achieve sustainable development

Use of non-  conventional sources of energy: India is heavily dependent on thermal and hydro power plants for its electricity needs. Both of these have adverse effects on the environment. Wind power and solar energy are good examples of non-conventional sources. Due to lack of technology, they have not been developed in detail yet.

Use of cleaner fuels – The use of high pressure natural gas (CNG) as a fuel is being encouraged in urban areas. The use of high pressure natural gas in public transport in Delhi has reduced pollution and made the air cleaner. Biogas and cow dung are being promoted in rural areas, which have reduced air pollution.

Establishment of Small Aquatic Plants – Waterfalls are found almost everywhere in the hilly areas. Small aquatic plants can be established on these springs. They are environment friendly.

Traditional knowledge and practice – Traditionally India’s agriculture system, health facility system, housing, transportation, all activities are beneficial for the environment. But nowadays we have moved away from our traditional systems, due to which our environment and our rural heritage have been harmed to a great extent.

Sustainable consumption and change in production propensities – To achieve sustainable development, we need to make changes in consumption propensity (disregard for overuse and misuse of resources) and production propensity (use of eco-friendly techniques).

Sustainable Development Strategies

Being a resident of rural area

Use of LPG and dung gas in place of firewood, dung or other organic matter in rural areas.
Air mills can be established in those villages where there is open space.
We should use such traditional knowledge and practices in agriculture, health, housing and transport which is environmentally friendly.
Organic pesticides should be used in place of chemical pesticides.
In place of chemical fertilizers, we should use organic compost.

Being a resident of urban area –

Solar energy should be used by photovoltaic cells.
High pressure natural gas (CNG) should be used in vehicles instead of petrol or diesel.
We should reduce our needs.

impact of economic development on resources

Economic development is the cause of the depletion of natural resources.
Excessive exploitation of natural resources.
Rapid economic development is creating scarcity of resources and making them unsustainable.
Increasing the availability of resources through advanced technology.
Generate replacement of resources.

Environment – ​​Environment is defined as the total planetary heritage and the totality of all the resources. It includes all the biotic and abiotic elements that affect each other. All living elements – birds, animals and plants, forests, fish etc. are living elements.

The non-living elements of the environment include air, water, land, rocks and sunlight etc.

environmental work

It provides resources for life.
Both renewable and non-renewable are provided by the environment.
It contains the residue.
It nurtures life by providing public interest and biological diversity.
It also provides beauty merging services.

Economic Development Impact of Environment

Economic growth and rapid growth lead to a reduction in noise pollution and air quality.
It can create environmental crisis and will reduce sustainable development.
Reduction in rainfall due to deforestation of forests.
Over-exploitation of fishery resources.
Loss of biodiversity due to construction of all roads, hotels, goods etc.

Global warming

Global warming is the increase in the average temperature of the earth due to green house gas, gas released from animal waste, destruction of forests. The primary sources of global warming are greenhouse gases such as carbon dioxide, rapid emissions, use of fossil fuels and production of methane, agriculture and other human activities.

As a result of the increase in global temperature, ice is melting at the poles of the earth, due to rise in sea level, the effect of floods in coastal areas, increase in the effects of severe thunderstorms and tropical storms, along with other weather events have increased.

Important environmental issues in India

Water contamination – In India, drinking water is becoming contagious due to industrial waste. Due to this water communicable diseases are spreading.

Air – Pollution – Due to urbanization, the number of vehicles on Indian roads is continuously increasing. The number of motor vehicles increased from 3 lakh in 1951 to 67 crore in 2003. India is the tenth most industrialized country in the world but this has happened at the opportunity cost of unwanted and unpredictable effects on the environment.

Deforestation – The forest cover of India is continuously decreasing due to increasing population. Due to this air pollution and its related problems are also increasing. Per capita forest land in India 0. 08 hectares while the requirement is 0. 47 hectares.

Land degradation – loss of vegetation as a result of land degradation, forest destruction, encroachment of forest land, forest fires and excessive grazing, non-adoption of proper measures for land conservation, improper crop rotation, improper use of agro-chemicals, irrigation The planning and injudicious management of the system is happening due to the uninterrupted availability of resources and the impoverishment of the costs dependent on agriculture.

Problems faced by the government in contributing to the environmental crisis

Rising Population – With increasing population, the demand for natural resources increases. While the supply of natural resources is stagnant. This creates surplus demand which puts pressure on natural resources. These resources are over-consumed and consumption goes beyond the carrying capacity, causing environmental damage. Due to this, the problem of inability to meet the needs of all comes before the government.

Air pollution – It causes many types of diseases like asthma, lung cancer, tuberculosis. This creates the problem of high expenditure on health services for the government.

 Water pollution – It causes many diseases like cholera, malaria, diarrhoea, diarrhea. This also creates the problem of high expenditure on health services for the government.

Rich consumption standards – This increases the demand for natural resources. While the supply of natural resources is stagnant. This creates surplus demand. Which puts pressure on natural resources. These resources are consumed excessively and consumption goes beyond the holding capacity. Which causes environmental damage. The problem arises from this that the rich class spends on dog food, cosmetics and luxuries and the poor class does not get money even for the basic needs of their children and family.

Illiteracy – Due to lack of knowledge, people keep on using such resources as – cow dung, wood etc. This leads to misuse of resources. This misuse harms the environment. The government has to spend extra on the health of the people. Lack of awareness does not pay attention to cleanliness. Garbage – Illiterate people do not do proper management of garbage.

Industrialization – This leads to air pollution, water pollution and noise pollution. It spreads many diseases. Poisonous gases are mixed in the air and toxic chemicals in rivers, ponds and groundwater. Due to this, animals – birds, trees – plants and animals are all badly affected.

Urbanization – These lead to overuse of resources and this use exceeds the limit of holding capacity, which leads to environmental degradation. Moreover, due to inequalities of income, the rich class spends on dog food, cosmetics and the poor class is unable to raise money even for the basic needs of the family.

 Decrease in forest area – This increases the amount of carbon dioxide in the environment. Global warming is being caused by an increase in carbon dioxide. Therefore, along with health, the government is also having to spend on such technical research so that an eco-friendly alternative technology can be discovered.

Illegal deforestation – This is affecting biological diversity, increasing soil erosion, air pollution, which is also affecting the food chain.

Global Warming – Due to global warming, the temperature is increasing all over the world. If the temperature of sea water increased by more than 2°C, then the whole earth would become waterlogged.

current environmental crisis

India’s environment is threatened from two sides. One is the degradation of the environment due to poverty and the other is the threat of resource affluence and pollution of the rapidly growing industrial sector. Air pollution, polluted water, soil erosion, forest erosion and extinction of wildlife are among the most serious environmental problems of India.

Water – Pollution – Most of the sources of fresh water in India are becoming highly polluted. The government has to spend a lot in cleaning them. The management of clean water for a population of 120 crores is a big problem for the government. The diversity of water creatures is also seen to be extinct.

Land Weathering – The weathering of land in India has occurred in different quantities and forms, which is mainly the result of unsustainable use and inappropriate (management) methodology.

Solid waste management – ​​17% of the world’s population and 20% of the world’s livestock population, India’s only 2. Lives in 5% of the area. The high density of population and livestock and the competitive uses of forestry, agriculture, grazing, human settlements and industries place great pressure on the country’s fixed land resources.