NCERT Solutions Class 12th Economics (India Economic Development) Chapter – 7 Employment
| Textbook | NCERT |
| class | Class – 12th |
| Subject | Economics(India Economic Development) |
| Chapter | Chapter – 7 |
| Chapter Name | employment |
| Category | Class 12th Economics Notes |
| Medium | English |
| Source | Last Doubt |
NCERT Solutions Class 12th Economics (India Economic Development) Chapter – 7 Employment
?Chapter – 7?
✍ Employment✍
? Notes ?
Work
It plays a very important role in our personal and social life.
Labor – A person who is engaged in any productive activities to earn his livelihood.
Productive Activities – are those activities which are performed to produce goods and services and thereby generate income.
Gross Domestic Product (GDP) – The total monetary value of all the goods and services produced in a country in a year is called its ‘Gross Domestic Product’.
types of workers
- Self employed
- hired labor
(a) Irregular wage
(b) Regular labor
Self-employed labor – A person who works in his own business and gets benefits in the form of self-employment rewards, is called self-employed worker.
Hire Labor – Those people who do the work of others on hire and get wages/salary as a reward for their services, are called hired labourers.
Regular Laborer – When a person or entrepreneur regularly hires a worker and gives him wages (salary), then that worker is called a regular laborer or a regular wage worker.
Irregular laborers – Those persons who are not employed by their employers regularly and do not get the benefits of social security are called irregular laborers.
Labor force – Labor force refers to the number of workers. Those who are actually working and willing to work.
Work force – Work force refers to the number of people actually doing work. It does not include these persons who are willing to work but are unemployed.
Rate of Participation – It means the percentage of the population actually participating in the production activity.
Labour Supply
It refers to the supply of labor corresponding to different wage rates. It is measured in terms of man days. A human day means 8 hours of work.
Two out of five people of the country’s population are engaged in various economic activities. Mainly rural men form the largest segment of the country’s labor force.
Most of the workers in India are self employed. Irregular daily wage workers and regular salaried workers together make up less than half of the proportion of India’s total labor force.
About three out of five workers of the total labor force in India derive their livelihood from agriculture and allied activities.
Growth without employment – It refers to the situation in which the growth rate of GDP increases but employment does not increase in the same proportion.
Irregularization of Labor Force – It refers to a situation in which the percentage of hired casual workers in the total labor force has a tendency to increase over time.
Informalization of labor force – It refers to the situation when people have a tendency to get more employment opportunities in the informal sector than in the formal sector of the economy.
Unemployed – When a capable person is willing to work at the prevailing wage rate, but he does not get work, then that person is called unemployed.
Unemployment – Unemployment refers to the situation in which the qualified and desired person does not get work at the prevailing wage.
types of unemployment
rural unemployment
(a) Seasonal unemployment
(b) Disguised unemployment
urban unemployment
(a) Industrial unemployment
(b) Educational unemployment
Seasonal unemployment – This unemployment is found in rural India. In this, the worker gets work for only a few months of the year and remains unemployed for the remaining months of the year. This type of unemployment is found among people engaged in agriculture. Apart from this, priests and barbers, wedding workers, band players, brick kilns, sugarcane crushers are doing other seasonal work.
due to seasonal unemployment
Many people have seasonal and personal work that they do not want to leave.
Lack of alternative employment.
Such people do not have experience of doing other work.
Disguised unemployment – Disguised unemployment is the situation where workers are seen working but their marginal productivity is zero negative.
due to disguised unemployment
Large number of laborers dependent on agriculture.
Lack of alternative employment other than agriculture in villages.
Subsistence agriculture instead of commercial agriculture.
Industrial unemployment – In this category those illiterate persons who are willing to work in industries, minerals, transport, trade and construction etc. Industrial unemployment increases with the increase in population.
Educated Unemployment – In such unemployment, an educated person, despite having more efficiency than other workers, does not get work according to his ability and he suffers from unemployment.
Major causes of educated unemployment in India
Rapid spread of general education in the country.
Defective education system which is not job-oriented.
Inadequate creation of employment opportunities
other types of unemployment
conflict unemployment
cyclical unemployment
structural unemployment
open unemployment
because of unemployment
Slow economic growth rate
Rapid growth in population
Defective education system
Underdeveloped agricultural sector
Slow development of industrial sector
Lack of small and cottage industries Inadequacy
faulty employment planning
Slow capital formation rate
Measures to solve the problem of unemployment
Growth in GDP
Control of population growth
Development of agriculture sector Development of
small and cottage industries
Improvement in infrastructure
Special employment program
Rapid industrialization
Poverty and unemployment alleviation special program
Mahatma Gandhi National Rural Employment Guarantee Act. (MNREGA)
Swarna Jayanti Urban Employment Scheme.
Prime Minister’s Employment Scheme
Swarna Jayanti Gram Swarozgar Yojana.