NCERT Solutions Class 10th Social Science Geography Chapter – 5 Minerals and Energy Resources
| Textbook | NCERT |
| Class | 10th |
| Subject | Social Science (Geography) |
| Chapter | 5th |
| Chapter Name | Minerals and Energy Resources |
| Category | Class 10th Social Science Geography |
| Medium | English |
| Source | Last Doubt |
| NCERT Solutions Class 10th Social Science Geography Chapter – 5 Minerals and Energy Resources Notes In This Chapter we will read about What is Iron Ore?, Where are the iron ore belts in India?, What do you understand by manganese?, What do you understand by non-ferrous minerals?, What do you understand by copper? Minerals and Energy Resources Class 10 Question answer, Minerals and Energy Resources Class 10 Notes PDF, Minerals and Energy Resources Notes, Minerals and Energy Resources Class 10 MCQ, Minerals and Energy Resources pdf, Minerals and Energy Resources Class 12,You will read about Mineral and Energy Resources in English, Class 10 Geography Chapter 5 Notes etc. |
NCERT Solutions Class 10th Social Science Geography Chapter – 5 Minerals and Energy Resources
Chapter – 5
Minerals and Energy Resources
Notes
| Mineral – According to geologists, mineral is a naturally existing homogeneous element, which has a definite internal structure. Minerals are found in many forms in nature, ranging from hard diamond to soft lime. Minerals are a very essential and useful part of our life. All things are made from minerals. An organic substance that has hardness, color, and definite shape. |
| Where are minerals found – Minerals are mainly found in ‘ores’. The mixing or accumulation of other components or elements in any mineral is the result of heat and pressure. The second category of minerals in sedimentary rocks include gypsum, potash, salt and sodium. They are formed as a result of evaporation especially in dry regions. |
| Classification of minerals – Minerals have been classified into 3 types namely – 1. Metallic 2. Non-metallic 3. Energy Mineral |
| Metallic minerals – Those minerals which contain high amount of metal. It is called metallic mineral. These are of three types. (i) Ferrous metals (which contain iron content) like ore, manganese, nickel and cobalt etc. (ii) Non-ferrous like – copper, lead, zinc and bauxite etc. (iii) Precious minerals like gold, silver, platinum etc. |
| Non-metallic minerals – All those minerals which do not contain metal are called non-metallic minerals. Such as – mica, salt, potash, sulphur, limestone, marble and sandstone etc. |
| Energy Minerals – The minerals which produce energy (light) are called energy minerals. Like – coal, petroleum and natural gas etc. |
| Importance of minerals – Even the smallest things used in daily life, from needles to ships, are made from minerals. Buildings, even bridges are made from minerals. Food also contains minerals. Machines and tools are made from minerals. Means of transport, utensils etc. are made from minerals only. |
| Locations of minerals • From igneous and metamorphic sites (zinc, copper, zinc, lead) • In layers of sedimentary rocks (coal, potash, sodium salt) • From decomposition of surface rocks in the form of alluvial deposits or placer deposits (gold, silver , tin, platinum) • Ocean water (salt, magnesium, bromine) |
| Non-ferrous mineral • These minerals do not contain iron. • Although these minerals include copper, bauxite, lead and gold. • Play an important role in metal refining, engineering and electrical industries. |
| Iron mineral | Non-ferrous minerals |
|---|---|
| Which contain iron. | Which do not contain iron. |
| Iron ore, manganese, nickel and cobalt etc. | Copper, lead, zinc and bauxite. |
| Iron Ore – Iron ore is a basic mineral which is the backbone of industrial development. India has abundant resources of iron ore. India is rich in high grade iron ore. Magnetite is the best type of iron ore in which 70 percent iron is found. It has excellent magnetic properties, which are especially useful in electrical industries. Hematite is the most important industrial iron ore which has been consumed in maximum quantity. But the amount of iron in it is slightly less than that of magnetite. |
| Iron ore belts in India • Orissa – Jharkhand belt • Durg – Bastar – Chandrapur belt • Maharashtra – Goa belt • Bellary – Chitradurga, Chikmagalur – Tumkur belt |
| Manganese • Manganese is mainly used in the manufacturing of steel. • About 10 kg is required to make one ton of steel. Manganese is required. • It is used in making bleaching powder, pesticides and paints. • Orissa is the largest producer of manganese in India. • In the year 2000-01, one third of the total production of the country was obtained from here. |
| Non-ferrous minerals • The accumulated amount and production of non-ferrous minerals in India is not very satisfactory. • Although these minerals which include copper, bauxite, lead and gold play an important role in metal refining, engineering and power industries. |
| Copper – Copper reserves and production in India are critically low. Due to its malleable, ductile and thermal conductivity, copper is mainly used in making electrical wires, electronics and chemical industries. Balaghat mines of Madhya Pradesh produce about 52 percent of the country’s copper. Singhbhum district of Jharkhand is also the main producer of copper. Khetri mines of Rajasthan were also famous for copper. |
| Bauxite • Bauxite deposits are formed by the disintegration of a wide variety of rocks rich in aluminum silicates. • Aluminum is an important metal because along with strength like iron, it is also very light and a good conductor. • Excessive malleability is also found in it. • Bauxite deposits in India are mainly found in Amarkantak Plateau, Maikal Hills and Bilaspur Katni plateau region. |
| Limestone • Limestone is found in rocks made of calcium or calcium carbonate and magnesium carbonate. • It is mostly found in sedimentary rocks. • Limestone is a basic raw material of the cement industry. • And iron – essential for smelting furnaces. |
| Major areas of mica deposits • On the northern plateau edges of Chhota Nagpur Plateau. • Hazaribagh belt went to Koderma of Bihar, Jharkhand. • Near Ajmer in Rajasthan. • Nellore belt of Andhra Pradesh. |
| Conservation of mineral resources • There should be less wastage of these materials during mining and refining. • Use plastic (certified) and wood as far as possible. • Minimal wastage in mining and mineral beneficiation process till metal formation. • Scrap and old materials should be reused. • Recycling and reusing minerals in a planned manner. • Use in a planned and sustainable manner. • Finding other alternatives to minerals keeping the environment in mind, such as CN. Yes. |
| Mining Industry • One has to constantly breathe dust and harmful fumes. • Workers suffer from lung related diseases. • There is fear among the workers due to flooding of mines or fire. • Many times they lose their lives due to collapse of the roof of the mines. • Due to mining, river water gets polluted. • Land and soil are weathered. |
| Energy Resources • Energy is required for cooking, for lighting and heating, for running vehicles and for operating machines in industries. • Energy is produced from fuel minerals like coal, petroleum, natural gas, uranium and electricity. • Energy resources can be classified into conventional and non-conventional sources. • Sources of conventional energy – wood, coal, petroleum, natural gas and electricity (both hydropower and thermal power) • Sources of non-conventional energy – include solar, wind, tidal, geothermal, biogas and nuclear energy. |
| Sources of Traditional Energy • Coal – Coal is the most abundant fossil fuel in India. It provides a significant part of the country’s energy requirements. It is used for energy production and supply of energy for industries and domestic needs. • India is mainly dependent on coal to meet its commercial energy needs. There are three types of coal according to the amount, depth and time of compression which are as follows. • Lignite – Lignite is a low grade brown coal. It is soft and more moist. Major reserves of lignite are found in Neyveli, Tamil Nadu and are used in power generation. • Bituminous coal – Coal buried deep and affected by high temperature is called bituminous coal. It is most popular in commercial use. High grade bituminous coal is used in metallurgy, which has special importance in iron smelting. • Anthracite Coal – Anthracite is hard coal with best quality. |
| Where is coal found in India • In India, coal is found in rock sequences of two major geological ages, one is Gondwana whose age is a little more than 200 lakh years and the other is Tertiary deposits which are about 55 lakh years old. • Major resources of Gondwana Coal – which is metallurgical coal, are located in Damodar Valley (West Bengal and Jharkhand), Jharia, Raniganj, Bokaro which are important coal fields. Coal deposits are also found in the Godavari, Mahanadi, Son and Wardha river valleys. • Tertiary coal fields – found in the north-eastern states of Meghalaya, Assam, Arunachal Pradesh and Nagaland. |
| Petroleum • After coal, the second major source of energy in India is petroleum or mineral oil. It provides fuel for heat and light, lubricants for machines and raw materials for many manufacturing industries. • Oil refineries act as a nodal point in synthetic textiles, fertilizers and numerous chemical industries. • 63% of India’s petroleum comes from Mumbai High. 18% comes from Gujarat and 13% from Assam. |
| Natural Gas • It is used as a source of energy and as an industrial raw material in the petrochemical industry. • Natural gas is considered environment friendly due to low emissions of carbon dioxide. Therefore it is the fuel of the present century. • Huge reserves of natural gas have been discovered in the Krishna – Godavari river basin. Andaman – Nicobar Islands are also important areas where huge reserves of natural gas are found. |
| Electricity – Electricity is mainly generated in two ways (a) From flowing water which generates hydro electricity by running hydro-turbine. (b) Thermal electricity is generated by burning other fuels like coal, petroleum and natural gas by running a turbine. There are many multi-purpose projects in India that generate electrical energy; Like – Bhakra Nangal, Damodar Valley Corporation and Kopili Hydel Project etc. Thermal Electricity – Thermal electricity is generated using coal, petroleum and natural gas. Thermal power plants generate electricity using non-renewable fossil fuels. |
| Thermal electricity | Hydroelectric power |
| This electricity is generated using coal, petroleum and natural gas. | Hydroelectric energy is generated by using the power of falling water to drive a turbine. |
| It is polluted. | It is pollution free. |
| Not a permanent source. | Is a permanent source. |
| Based on non-renewable sources. | Is based on renewable sources like water. |
| There are more than 310 thermal power stations in India. | There are many multi-purpose projects in India. |
| Like – Talcher, Panki, Namrup, Uran, Naveli etc. | Like – Bhakra, Naugal, Damodar Valley, Kopli etc. |
| Non-conventional energy sources – The increasing consumption of energy has made the country highly dependent on fossil fuels like coal, oil and gas. The rising prices of gas and oil and their possible shortage have created uncertainties regarding the security of energy supply in the future. This has serious implications for the growth of the national economy. Apart from this, the use of fossil fuels creates serious environmental problems. Therefore, there is a great need to use renewable energy resources like solar energy, wind energy, tidal energy, biological energy and waste generated energy. These are called non-conventional sources of energy. |
| The future of solar energy is bright in India • India is a tropical country. • It is a pollution-free energy resource. • It is a renewable energy source. • Lower class people can easily take advantage of it. |
| Atomic or molecular energy – Atomic or molecular energy is obtained by changing the structure of molecules. When such a change is made, a lot of energy is released in the form of heat; And it is used to generate electrical energy. Uranium and thorium, which are found in the Aravalli mountain range of Jharkhand and Rajasthan, are used in the production of nuclear or nuclear energy. Thorium is also found in monazite sand found in Kerala. |
| Solar Energy – India is a tropical country. There are immense possibilities for harnessing solar energy here. Sunlight is directly converted into electricity through photovoltaic technology. Solar energy is becoming increasingly popular in rural and remote areas of India. Some large solar power plants are being set up in different parts of the country. It is expected that with the use of solar energy, the dependence on cow dung cakes and wood in rural homes can be minimized. As a result, it will contribute to environmental protection and there will be adequate supply of food in agriculture. |
| Wind Energy – India has great potential for the production of wind energy. The largest belt of wind energy farms in India is located from Nagercoil to Madurai in Tamil Nadu. Apart from this, there are also important wind energy farms in Andhra Pradesh, Karnataka, Gujarat, Kerala, Maharashtra and Lakshadweep. Nagercoil and Jaisalmer are known for effective use of wind energy in the country. |
| Biogas – Biogas is produced for domestic consumption in rural areas by using bushes, agricultural waste, animal and man-made waste. Decomposition of organic matter produces gas, whose thermal efficiency is higher than that of kerosene, coal and charcoal. Biogas plants are installed at municipal, cooperative and private levels. Plants using animal dung are known as ‘Gobar Gas Plants’ in rural India. These benefit the farmers in two ways – one in the form of energy and the other in the form of advanced types of fertilizers. Biogas is by far the most efficient in using animal dung. It increases the quality of fertilizer and prevents damage to trees caused by burning of stubble and wood. |
| Tidal energy – Ocean waves can be used to generate electricity. Dams are built by building flood gates across narrow creeks. During high tide, water fills in through this narrow bay-like entrance and when the gate is closed, it remains in the dam. When the tide recedes outside the floodgates, water from the dam is piped out to sea through a pipe that takes it to an energy-producing turbine. |
| Geothermal Energy – Electricity generated by using heat from the internal parts of the Earth is called geothermal energy. |
| Energy Resources – Energy conservation means saving energy by reducing unnecessary use of energy. Energy is a basic requirement for economic development. Energy investment is required to meet every sector of the national economy – agriculture, industry, transport, commerce and domestic needs. A large amount of energy was required to continue the economic development plans implemented after independence. As a result, consumption of all types of energy is gradually increasing in the entire country. |
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