NCERT Solutions Class 10th Social Science Geography Chapter – 4 Agriculture
| Textbook | NCERT |
| Class | 10th |
| Subject | Social Science (Geography) |
| Chapter | 4th |
| Chapter Name | Agriculture |
| Category | Class 10th Social Science Geography |
| Medium | English |
| Source | Last Doubt |
| NCERT Solutions Class 10th Social Science Geography Chapter – 4 Agriculture Notes In This Chapter we will read about Agriculture, Process of agriculture, Agricultural systems, Initial Subsistence Agriculture, Slash burning system, shifting agriculture, Intensive subsistence agriculture, Commercial farming, Types of agricultural seasons, Rabi crops, Kharif Crop, Zaid, Main crops of agriculture, Main crops in India, Coarse grains, Cotton cultivation in India and much more. |
NCERT Solutions Class 10th Social Science Geography Chapter – 4 Agriculture
Chapter – 4
Agriculture
Notes
| Agriculture – Agriculture was a major development that led to the rise of civilizations, involving the domestication of animals and the cultivation of plants (crops), which produced surplus food. This enabled the development of a more densely populated and stratified society. |
| Process of agriculture • Plowing (plowing the field, loosening the soil, or making the soil soft) • Sowing (sowing seeds in the fields) • Weeding (removing weeds from the soil) • Irrigation (putting water in the crops at the appropriate time) • Fertilizer (Adding manure or fertilizer to increase the fertility of the soil) • Pesticides (spraying medicines that kill insects that damage the crops) • Harvesting (cutting the crop when it is ripe) |
| Agricultural systems 1. Subsistence agriculture 2. Slash burning system 3. Intensive agriculture 4. Commercial agriculture 5. Plantation agriculture |
| Initial Subsistence Agriculture – When farming produces only enough produce to feed the family, then such farming is called subsistence agriculture. This type of farming is done on small pieces of land. Primitive tools and family or community labor are used. |
| Slash burning system / shifting agriculture – Slash burning system agriculture is a type of shifting agriculture in which natural vegetation is cut and burnt to clear the land for farming and then the farmer moves to a new plot and when The process is repeated if the plot becomes infertile. This process is repeated again and again. |
| Intensive subsistence agriculture – In intensive subsistence agriculture, the farmer cultivates a small plot of land using simple tools and much labour. The climate with a large number of days of sunshine and fertile soil allows more than one crop to be grown annually on the same plot of land. |
| Commercial farming – Commercial farming is a type of agricultural work, in which farmers produce their crops for commercial purposes. Which we call commercial agriculture or commercial farming. Apart from big and heavy machines, more land is used in this farm. Not only this, it is also a modern method of farming. Which is done on a large scale. More land, labor and machines are used in this farming. |
| Plantation Agriculture – Plantation agriculture is a type of commercial agriculture, in which single crops of tea, coffee, cashew, rubber, banana or cotton are grown. This type of agriculture requires a large amount of labor and capital. Whatever product is obtained is processed on the farms or in a factory located nearby. |
| Intensive subsistence farming | Commercial farming |
| 1. Due to high population the size of the land piece is small. | 1. It is used in semi-arid regions other than middle latitudes. |
| 2. Machines are used very less in these places. | 2. The size of the fields is very large. |
| 3. Land is used intensively. | 3. Machines are used more and more. |
| 4. Production per unit is high but production per farmer is low. | 4. Production per acre is less but production per person is high. |
| 5. All the work done in farming is done by the farmer and his family members. | 5. Agriculture is done from commercial point of view. |
| Types of agricultural seasons – There are three agricultural seasons in India 1. Rabi 2. Kharif 3. Zaid |
| Rabi crops – Rabi crops are those crops which are sown in winter season between October to December and are harvested in summer season from April to mid June. Wheat, barley, peas, gram and mustard etc. are the main Rabi crops. |
| Kharif Crop – Kharif crops are those crops which are sown in June-July with the arrival of monsoon in different areas of the country and are harvested in September-October. The main crops of Kharif season are rice, maize, jowar, bajra, arhar, moong, urad, cotton, jute, groundnut and soybean. |
| Zaid – In India, the crops which are sown in February-March and harvested in the month of April-May are called Zaid crops. Crops of this category have good ability to tolerate extreme heat and dry winds. In North India, these crops are mainly sown in March-April. |
| Main crops of agriculture • Food crops – wheat, rice, maize, pulses, oilseeds • Cash crops – tea, coffee, rubber, jute, cotton • Horticulture crops – fruits, flowers, vegetables |
| Main crops in India – Mainly crops grown in India are rice, wheat, coarse grains, pulses (pulses), tea, coffee, sugarcane, oilseeds, cotton, jute etc. |
| Rice – Rice is the main crop of most of the people of India. Our country is the second largest producer of rice in the world after China. • Climate – Paddy is a tropical crop and grows well in the wet monsoon. • Temperature – Temperature above 25°C, heavy humidity expected. • Rainfall – 100 cm. Above this. It requires heavy rainfall in summer and irrigation in low rainfall areas. • Cultivation areas – Plains of northern and north-eastern India, coastal areas and delta regions. Punjab, Haryana and parts of western Uttar Pradesh and Rajasthan with the help of irrigation. |
| Wheat – Wheat is the second most important food crop. It is the main food crop in the north and northwestern part of the country. • Soil type – alluvial soil and black soil. • Temperature – cool weather during growth and bright sunlight during harvesting. • Rainfall – 50 to 75 cm. Annual Rainfall. • Cultivation areas – Ganga-Sutlej plain in the north-west of Deccan and black soil area. • Wheat producing states are – Punjab, Haryana, Uttar Pradesh, Bihar, Rajasthan. |
| Coarse grains – Jowar, millet and ragi are important coarse grains grown in India. However, these are known as grains. But the amount of nutrients in them is very high. Sorghum is the third most important food crop in terms of area and production. |
| Bajra – Bajra Soil Type – It is grown on sandy and shallow black soil. Millet producing states – Rajasthan, Uttar Pradesh, Maharashtra, Gujarat and Haryana are its main producing states. |
| Ragi Soil – Ragi is a crop of dry regions and it is grown well on red, black, sandy, loam and shallow black soil. Ragi producing states – Major producing states of Ragi are Karnataka, Himachal Pradesh, Uttarakhand, Sikkim, Jharkhand and Arunachal Pradesh. |
| Maize – Maize is a crop which is used both as food and fodder. It is a Kharif crop. • Temperature – Which is grown in temperature of 21° Celsius to 27° Celsius. • Soil type – Grown well on old alluvial soil. • Cultivation areas – In some states like Bihar, maize is also grown in Rabi season. • Maize producing states – Karnataka, Madhya Pradesh, Uttar Pradesh, Bihar, Andhra Pradesh and Telangana are the main producing states of maize. Maize production has increased with the use of modern technological inputs such as high-yielding seeds, fertilizers and irrigation. |
| Pulses – India is the largest producer of pulses in the world as well as the largest consumer. Pulses provide the most protein in vegetarian food. Tur (tur), urad, moong, lentils, peas and gram are the main pulse crops of India. Pulses require less moisture and can be grown even in dry conditions. Being legume crops, all other pulses except Pigeon pea maintain the fertility of the land by taking nitrogen from the air. Therefore, these crops are usually sown in rotation with other crops. Pulses Producing States – Madhya Pradesh, Rajasthan, Maharashtra, Uttar Pradesh, and Karnataka are the main producing states of pulses in India. |
| Food crops other than food grains Sugarcane – India is the second largest producer of sugarcane after Brazil. • Climate – It grows well in hot and humid climate. • Soil Type – It can be grown well on different types of soils. • Temperature – Temperature requirement is 21°C to 27°C. • Rainfall – Annual rainfall between 75 cm and 100 cm. • Major sugarcane producing states are – Uttar Pradesh, Maharashtra, Karnataka, Tamil Nadu. |
| Oilseeds – India is the largest producer of oilseeds. Groundnut, mustard, coconut, sesame, soybean, castor, cottonseed, linseed and sunflower are the main oilseeds of India. In the world peanut production, China (1st), India (2nd) and in rapeseed production Canada, first, China, second and India third in the world. |
| Tea – China first and India second in tea production in the world in 2020. • Climate – Tropical hot and humid climate is very suitable for tea plantation. • Soil Type – Deep fertile well drained soils rich in humus and organic matter. • Rainfall – 150 to 300 cm. High humidity and rainfall are evenly distributed throughout the year. • Major tea producing states – Assam and West Bengal. • Coffee – Like tea, coffee is also grown in plantations. Arabica variety of coffee was first grown in India from Yemen. Initially coffee was grown in the Baba Budan hills. |
| Horticultural Crops – In 2017, India ranked second in the world in the production of fruits and vegetables after China. India is a producer of both tropical and temperate fruits. India has a prominent place in the production of peas, cauliflower, onion, cabbage, tomato, brinjal and potato. |
| Non-edible crop – Rubber is a crop of equatorial region but under special circumstances it is also grown in tropical and sub-tropical regions. Rubber is an important raw material used in industries. Rainfall – It requires moist and humid climate with more than 200 cm rainfall and temperature above 25° Celsius. Rubber Producing States – It is mainly grown in Kerala, Tamil Nadu, Karnataka, Andaman Nicobar Islands and Garo Hills in Meghalaya. |
| Cotton cultivation in India – India is considered to be the origin of the cotton plant. Cotton is a main raw material in the cotton textile industry. India ranks second in cotton production in the world after China (2017). Soil Type – Black soil in the drier parts of the Deccan Plateau is considered suitable for cotton production. Temperature – To grow this crop, high temperature, light rainfall or irrigation, 210 frost-free days and bright sunshine are required. Cotton Producing States – Maharashtra, Gujarat, Madhya Pradesh, Karnataka, Andhra Pradesh, Telangana, Tamil Nadu, Punjab, Haryana and Uttar Pradesh are the main producing states of cotton. This is a Kharif crop and it takes 6 to 8 months to become ripe. Jute – Jute requires fertile soils of flood plains with good drainage. The main producers of jute are West Bengal, Bihar, Assam, Orissa and Meghalaya. Crop rotation – Sowing crops by rotation on a piece of land in order to increase the production capacity of the land. Consolidation – Combining scattered agricultural holdings or fields and making them economically profitable. Green Revolution – The revolutionary increase in the production of some crops, especially wheat, in the agricultural sector due to the use of high yielding seeds, modern technology, good manure/fertilizers is called Green Revolution. |
| Green Revolution • Land degradation due to excessive chemicals. • Low water level due to excess irrigation. • Biodiversity is disappearing. • The gap between rich and poor farmers has increased. White Revolution – Improving animal breeds to increase milk production (using modern technologies) |
| Importance of Agriculture in Indian Economy • Farmers own a small piece of land and grow crops mainly for their own consumption. • Animals play an important role in various types of agricultural activities. • Farmers mainly depend on monsoon rains. |
| Reasons responsible for declining food production in India • Reduction in sown area due to competition with non-agricultural uses. • Reduction in fertility due to excessive use of chemical fertilizers, pesticides. • Inefficient and improper water management led to the problem of water scarcity and salinity. • Ground water level has fallen due to excessive ground water exploitation, leading to increase in agricultural costs. • Inadequate storage capacity and lack of market 18 |
| What challenges faced farmers in India • Uncertainty of monsoon. • The vicious cycle of poverty and debt. • Migration to cities. • Difficulty in accessing government facilities and middlemen. • International competition. |
| Measures for agricultural reforms in India • Good irrigation system, use of organic fertilizers, modern agricultural equipment etc. • Direct assistance to farmers, direct receipt of assistance amount into bank accounts. • Government assistance, cheap loans. • Availability of electricity and water. • Accessibility to markets. • Crop insurance to protect against flood, drought, cyclone, fire, pests etc. • Minimum Support Price, Gramin Bank, Kisan Card etc. • Providing agriculture related education, weather related information. • Organization of national and international agricultural seminars and access to them by the common farmer. • Establishment and utilization of agricultural schools, universities and research centres. |
| Institutional reforms made by the government in the interest of farmers • Providing crop insurance facility. • To provide loan facilities to farmers by developing cooperative banks. • To encourage crops by properly determining their support prices. • Disseminating weather related information from time to time. • Broadcasting programs related to new agricultural techniques, tools, fertilizers etc. on radio and television. |
| NCERT Solution Class 10th Geography All Chapters Notes |
| NCERT Solution Class 10th Geography All Chapters Question & Answer |
| NCERT Solution Class 10th Geography All Chapters MCQ |
You Can Join Our Social Account
| Youtube | Click here |
| Click here | |
| Click here | |
| Click here | |
| Click here | |
| Telegram | Click here |
| Website | Click here |