NCERT Solutions Class 10th Maths Chapter – 3 Pair of Linear Equations in Two Variables Exercise – 3.2

1. Solve the following pair of linear equations by the substitution method

(i) x + y = 14
x – y = 4

Solution: Given,
x + y = 14 and x – y = 4 are the two equations.
From 1^st equation, we get,
x = 14 – y
Now, substitute the value of x in second equation to get,
(14 – y) – y = 4
14 – 2y = 4
2y = 10
Or y = 5
By the value of y, we can now find the exact value of x;
∵ x = 14 – y
∴ x = 14 – 5
Or x = 9
Hence, x = 9 and y = 5.

(ii) s – t = 3
(s/3) + (t/2) = 6

Solution: Given,
s – t = 3 and (s/3) + (t/2) = 6 are the two equations.
From 1^st equation, we get,
s = 3 + t ________________(1)
Now, substitute the value of s in second equation to get,
(3 + t)/3 + (t/2) = 6
⇒ (2(3 + t) + 3t )/6 = 6
⇒ (6 + 2t + 3t)/6 = 6
⇒ (6 + 5t) = 36
⇒ 5t = 30
⇒ t = 6
Now, substitute the value of t in equation (1)
s = 3 + 6 = 9
Therefore, s = 9 and t = 6.

(iii) 3x – y = 3
9x – 3y = 9

Solution: Given,
3x – y = 3 and 9x – 3y = 9 are the two equations.
From 1^st equation, we get,
x = (3 + y)/3
Now, substitute the value of x in the given second equation to get,
9( 3 + y)/3 – 3y = 9
⇒9 + 3y – 3y = 9
⇒ 9 = 9
Therefore, y has infinite values and since, x = (3 +  y)/3, so x also has infinite values.

(iv) 0.2x + 0.3y = 1.3
0.4x + 0.5y = 2.3

Solution: Given,
0.2x + 0.3y = 1.3 and 0.4x + 0.5y = 2.3are the two equations.
From 1^st equation, we get,
x = (1.3 – 0.3y)/0.2 ……………(1)
Now, substitute the value of x in the given second equation to get,
0.4(1.3 – 0.3y)/0.2 + 0.5y = 2.3
⇒2(1.3 – 0.3y) + 0.5y = 2.3
⇒ 2.6 – 0.6y + 0.5y = 2.3
⇒ 2.6 – 0.1 y = 2.3
⇒ 0.1 y = 0.3
⇒ y = 3
Now, substitute the value of y in equation (1), we get,
x = (1.3 – 0.3(3))/0.2 = (1.3 – 0.9)/0.2 = 0.4/0.2 = 2
Therefore, x = 2 and y = 3.

(v) √2x + √3 y = 0
√3x – √8y = 0

Solution: Given,
√2x + √3y = 0 and √3x – √8y = 0
are the two equations.
From 1^st equation, we get,
x = –(√3/√2)y ……………(1)
Putting the value of x in the given second equation to get,
√3(-√3/√2)y – √8y = 0 ⇒ (-3/√2)y – √8 y = 0
⇒ y = 0
Now, substitute the value of y in equation (1), we get,
x = 0
Therefore, x = 0 and y = 0.

(vi) (3x/2) – (5y/3) = -2
(x/3) + (y/2) = (13/6)

Solution: Given,
(3x/2) – (5y/3) = -2 and (x/3) + (y/2) = 13/6 are the two equations.
From 1st equation, we get,
(3/2)x = -2 + (5y/3)
⇒ x = 2(- 6 + 5y)/9 = (-12 + 10y)/9 ……………(1)
Putting the value of x in the given second equation to get,
(-12 + 10y)/9)/3 + y/2 = 13/6
⇒ y/2 = 13/6 – ( (-12 + 10y)/27 ) + y/2 = 13/6
= -12 + 10y/9/3 + y/2 = 13/6
= -12 +10y/27 + y/2 = 13/6
= y/2 = 13/6 – -12 + 10y/27
= y/2 = 117/54 – -24 + 20y/54
= y/2 117 + 24 – 20y/54
= y = 3
Now, substitute the value of y in equation (1), we get,
(3x/2) – 5(3)/3 = -2
⇒ (3x/2) – 5 = -2
⇒ x = 2
Therefore, x = 2 and y = 3

2. Solve 2x + 3y = 11 and 2x – 4y = – 24 and hence find the value of ‘m’ for which y = mx + 3.

Solution: 2x + 3y = 11………………..(I)
2x – 4y = -24………………………… (II)
From equation (II), we get
x = (11 – 3y)/2 ……………………..….(III)
Substituting the value of x in equation (II), we get
2(11 – 3y)/2 – 4y = 24
11 – 3y – 4y = -24
-7y = -35
y = 5…………………………………..(IV)
Putting the value of y in equation (III), we get
x = (11 – 3 × 5)/2 = -4/2 = -2
Hence, x = – 2, y = 5
Also,
y = mx + 3
5 = -2m +3
-2m = 2
m = -1
Therefore the value of m is -1.

3. Form the pair of linear equations for the following problems and find their solution by substitution method.

(i) The difference between two numbers is 26 and one number is three times the other. Find them.

Solution: Let the two numbers be x and y respectively, such that y > x.
According to the question,
y = 3x ……………… (1)
y – x = 26 ……….…..(2)
Substituting the value of (1) into (2), we get
3x – x = 26
x = 13 ………………. (3)
Substituting (3) in (1), we get y = 39
Hence, the numbers are 13 and 39.

(ii) The larger of two supplementary angles exceeds the smaller by 18 degrees. Find them.

Solution: Let the larger angle by xo and smaller angle be y^o.
We know that the sum of two supplementary pair of angles is always 180^o.
According to the question,
x + y = 180^o……………. (1)
x – y = 18^o ……………..(2)
From (1), we get x = 180^o – y …………. (3)
Substituting (3) in (2), we get
180^o – y – y =18^o
162^o = 2y
y = 81^o ………………….. (4)
Using the value of y in (3), we get
x = 180^o – 81^o
= 99^o
Hence, the angles are 99^o and 81^o

(iii) The coach of a cricket team buys 7 bats and 6 balls for Rs.3800. Later, she buys 3 bats and 5 balls for Rs.1750. Find the cost of each bat and each ball.

Solution: Let the cost a bat be x and cost of a ball be y.
According to the question,
7x + 6y = 3800 ………………. (I)
3x + 5y = 1750 ………………. (II)
From (I), we get
y = (3800-7x)/6………………..(III)
Substituting (III) in (II). we get,
3x + 5(3800 – 7x)/6 = 1750
⇒ 3x + 9500/3 – 35x/6 = 1750
⇒ 3x – 35x/6 = 1750 – 9500/3
⇒ (18x – 35x)/6 = (5250 – 9500)/3
⇒ -17x/6 = – 4250/3
⇒-17x = -8500
x = 500 ……………………….. (IV)
Substituting the value of x in (III), we get
y = (3800 – 7 × 500)/6 = 300/6 = 50
Hence, the cost of a bat is Rs 500 and cost of a ball is Rs 50.

(iv) The taxi charges in a city consist of a fixed charge together with the charge for the distance covered. For a distance of 10 km, the charge paid is Rs 105 and for a journey of 15 km, the charge paid is Rs 155. What are the fixed charges and the charge per km? How much does a person have to pay for travelling a distance of 25 km?

Solution: Let the fixed charge be Rs x and per km charge be Rs y.
According to the question,
x + 10y = 105 …………….. (1)
x + 15y = 155 …………….. (2)
From (1), we get x = 105 – 10y ………………. (3)
Substituting the value of x in (2), we get
105 – 10y + 15y = 155
5y = 50
y = 10 …………….. (4)
Putting the value of y in (3), we get
x = 105 – 10 × 10 = 5
Hence, fixed charge is Rs 5 and per km charge = Rs 10
Charge for 25 km = x + 25y = 5 + 250 = Rs 255

(v) A fraction becomes 9/11 , if 2 is added to both the numerator and the denominator. If, 3 is added to both the numerator and the denominator it becomes 5/6. Find the fraction.

Solution: Let the fraction be x/y.
According to the question,
(x + 2) /(y + 2) = 9/11
11x + 22 = 9y + 18
11x – 9y = -4 …………….. (1)
(x + 3) /(y + 3) = 5/6
6x + 18 = 5y +15
6x – 5y = -3 ………………. (2)
From (1), we get x = (- 4 + 9y)/11 …………….. (3)
Substituting the value of x in (2), we get
6(- 4 + 9y)/11 – 5y = -3
-24 + 54y – 55y = -33
-y = – 9
y = 9 ………………… (4)
Substituting the value of y in (3), we get
x = (- 4 + 9 × 9 )/11 = 7
Hence, the fraction is 7/9

(vi) Five years hence, the age of Jacob will be three times that of his son. Five years ago, Jacob’s age was seven times that of his son. What are their present ages?

Solution: Let age of Jacob will be x
and age of son will be y

After 5 years,
x + 5 = 3(y + 5)
x + 5 = 3y + 15
x – 3y = 10 …………..(1)

Before 5 years,
x – 5 = 7(y – 5)
x – 5 = 7y – 35
x – 7y = -30 …………..(2)

Put x – 3y = 10 in eq (2)
x – 7y = -30
3y + 10 – 7y = -30
3y – 7y = -30 -10
-4y = -40
y = 10

Now,
x – 3y = 10
x – 3(10) = 10
x = 30 + 10
x = 40

Therefore, Age of Jacob will be 40 and age of son will be 10.