NCERT Solution Class 10th Social Science History Chapter – 1 The Rise of Nationalism in Europe Notes

June 2, 2022

NCERT Solutions Class 10th Social Science History Chapter – 1 The Rise of Nationalism in Europe

Textbook	NCERT
Class	10^th
Subject	History
Chapter	1^st
Chapter Name	The Rise of Nationalism in Europe
Category	Class 10th Social Science History
Medium	English
Source	Last Doubt

NCERT Solution Class 10th Social Science History Chapter – 1 The Rise of Nationalism in Europe Notes in this chapter we will learn such topics: nationalism in europe, what is the rise of nationalism in europe, summary of chapter the rise of nationalism in europe, short note on rise of nationalism in europe, describe the rise of nationalism in europe, rise of nationalism in france, what caused the rise of nationalism in Germany, rise of nationalism in europe questions.

NCERT Solutions Class 10th Social Science History Chapter – 1 The Rise of Nationalism in Europe

Chapter – 1

The Rise of Nationalism in Europe

Notes

Nation (State) – A large number of people of mainly common descent, language, history, inhabiting a territory bounded by defined limits and forming a society under one government is called a nation.

Frederic Sorrieu and his visualization – In 1848, Frederic Sorrieu, a French artist, prepared a series of four prints, visualizing his dream of a world made up of ‘democratic and social republics’, as he called them.

(i) The first print shows the people of Europe and America marching in a long train, and offering homage to the Statue of Liberty as they pass by it. A female figure carries a torch of enlightenment in one hand and the Charter of the Rights of Man, in the other hand.

(ii) On the earth lies the shattered remains of the symbols of absolutist institutions.

(iii) In Sorrieu’s Utopian vision, the people of the world are grouped as distinct nations, identified through their flags and national costumes.

(iv) Leading the procession are USA and Switzerland, followed by France and Germany. Following Germany are Austria, Kingdom of the two Sicilies, Lombardy, Poland, England, Ireland, Hungary and Russia.

(v) From the heavens above, Christ, saints and angels gaze at the scene. The artist symbolizes fraternity among the nations of the world.

The French Revolution and the idea of Nation

(i) Growth of nationalism in France.
(ii) Introduction of various measures and practices created sense of collective identity among the people of France.
(iii) Change of monarchy and establishment of republic, creation of new assembly.
(iv) Rise of Napoleon and his reforms. Revolutionaries help other people of Europe to become nation.

The making of Nationalism in Europe

(i) Germany, Italy and Switzerland were divided into Kingdom, duchies and cantones these divisions were having their autonomous rulers.
(ii) Uses of different languages.
(iii) Rise of middle class.
(iv) Industrialization in England, emergence of a working class and liberalism.
(v) New conservation after 1815 and preservation of traditional institution.
(vi) After the defeat of Napoleon, the European government follows the spirit of conservatism.
(vii) Conservative regimes were autocratic Revolutionaries at that time fought for liberty and freedom.
Example, Mazzini’s young Italy and Young Europe.

Reasons for the Rise of Nationalism in Europe

(1) Absolutism
(2) Spread of liberal ideas
(3) Slogan of liberty, Equality and Fraternity
(4) Role of educated middle class

Gradual Development of Nationalism in Europe

(1) French Revolution – (1789)
(2) Civil Code – (1804)
(3) Viena Confrence – (1815)
(4) Revolution by Liberals – (1848)
(5) Unification of Germany – (1866 – 1871)
(6) Unification of Italy – (1859 – 1871)

From the very begining of the French Revolution, the French revolu-tionaries introduced various measures and practices that could create a sense of collective identity (nationalism) amongst the French people. Later, Napoleon introduced revolutionary reforms in the administrative field which is known as Civil Code of 1804 (The Napoleonic Code). Fur-ther, the ideas of national unity (Nationalism) in the early nineteenth-cen-tury Europe were closely allied to the ideology of liberalism.

French Revolution & Nationalism

(1) Rule based on Constitution.
(2) Ideas like Equality, Liberty Fraternity.
(3) A New Tricolour French Flag.
(4) Establishment of National Assembly.
(5) Uniform system of Weight and Measures.
(6) French became the common language of the nation.

Civil Code of 1804 (Napoleonic Code)

(1) Abolition of all privileges based on birth.
(2) Equality before law and secured the right to property.
(3) Administrative division were simplified
(4) Feudal system was abolished
(5) Peasants were freed from serfdom andmanorial dues.
(6) Guild restriction were removed in towns.

Liberal Nationalism (Political and Economical views)

(1) Government by consent end of autocracy.
(2) Rule based on Constitution.
(3) Parliamentry form of Government.
(4) End of Privilieges.
(5) Equality before Law.
(6) The right to vote(suffrage) but not for everyone.
(7) Free Market.
(8) Abolition of State imposed Taxes.

Conservatism in Europe after 1815

Napoleon was defeated in 1815 and after this European governments were driven by a spirit of conservatism. As a political philosophy, conservatism stressed on the importance of tradition established institutions and custom, and preferred gradual development to quick change. In the background, a summit (called the Congress) was organized at Vienna. The congress was hosted by the Austrian chancellor, Duke Matternich. The Treaty of Vienna was signed in this congress.

Features of Treaty of Vienna, 1815

(1) The Bourbon dynasty was restored to power.
(2) The main intention was to create a new conservative order in Europe.
(3) France lost the territories it had annexed under Napoleon.
(4) A series of states were set up on the boundaries of France to preventexpansion in future.

Duke Matternich – (Austrian Chancellor)

(i) He was the Austrian Chancellor.
(ii) He was born on 15th May 1773.
(iii) He had once remarked that “When France sneezes the rest of Europe catches cold”.
(iv) He took a prominent part in Congress of Vienna and dominated the European politics from 1814 to 1848.
(V) He acted as the restorer of the ‘old Regime’ and the reconstruction of Europe after the Napoleonic wars.

Giuseppe Mazzini – (Founder of Two Secret Society)

(i) He was born in Genoa in 1807.
(ii) He became a member of secret society of the Carbonari.
(iii) As a young man of 24, he was sent to exile in 1831 for attempting a revolution in Liguria.
(iv) He subsequently founded two more underground societies, first, Young Italy in Marseilles and then, Young Europe in Berne.
(v) Mazzini’s re- lentless opposition to monarchy and his vision of democratic republics frightened the conservatives.
(vi) Matternich described him as ‘the most dan- gerous enemy of our social order’.

Unification of Germany – (1866 to 1871)

(1) Unification in the leadership of Prussia.
(2) The chief minister of Prussia, Otto Von Bismarck, was the chief architect.
(3) Three wars over seven years- with Austria, Denmark and France ended in Prussian victory and completed the process of Unification.
(4) In January 1871, the Prussian king, Kaiser William I, was proclaimed German Emperor.
(5) The new State placed a strong emphasis on modernising the currency, banking, legal and judicial system in Germany.

Unification of Italy – (1859 to 1870)

(1) Italy was divided into seven states.
(2) During the 1830s, Guiseppe Mazzini put together a programme for the Unification of ltaly.
(3) The revolutionary uprising of 1831 and 1848 failed.
(4) Through a tactful diplomatic alliance with France, Sardia- Piedmont Succeded in defeating the Austrian forces in 1859.
(5) In 1861 Victor Emmanuel II was proclaimed king of United Italy. unification of Italy.

Count Camillo of Cavour – (Chief Minister)

(i) He was the Chief Minister of Sardia-Pied- mont.
(ii) He led the movement to unify the regions of Italy though he was neither a revolutionary nor a democrat.
(iii) The tactful diplomatic alliance with France was also engineered by Cavour and thus Austria could be defeated and the Unification of Italy was made possible.

Giuseppe Garibaldi – (Help in unification of Italy)

(i) He was not part of the regular Troops.
(ii) He led armed volunteers for the unification of Italy.
(iii) In 1860,he along with armed volunteers marched into South Italy and the kingdom of two Sicilies and succeded in winning the Support of the local peasants in order to drive out the Spanish rulers.
(iv) He handed over control of Southern Italy and Sicily to king Emmanuel II and thus Unification of Italy could bemade possible.

Greek War of Independence –

1. Greek was the part of the Ottoman Empire since 15th century. The growth of revolutionary nationalism (after French Revolution, 1789) sparked off a struggle for Independence among Greeks.

2. The struggle for independence stated in 1821. Nationalists in Greece got support from the other Greeks living in exile and also from many west Europeans.

3. Many poets and artists mobilized public opinion to support Greece struggle.

4. The English poet Lord Byron organized funds and later went to fight in the war, where he died of fever in 1824.

5. The Treaty of Constantinople of 1832 recognized Greece as an independent nation.

Nationalism in Britain

1. The formation of the nation-state was not the result of a sudden upheaval or revolution but was the result of a long-drawn-out process.
2. There was no British nation prior to the 18th century.
3. The English nation steadily grew in wealth, importance and power and was able to extend its influence over the other nation of the islands.
4. The English parliament seized power from monarchy in 1688.
5. The ‘United Kingdom of Great Britain’ was formed in 1707 with England and Scotland.
6. After the failed revolt of 1798, Ireland was forcibly incorporated into the United Kingdom in 1801.
7. The symbol of the New Britain were actively promoted.

Nationalism and Imperialism (Balkan Problem)

(i) The Balkans was a region of geographical and ethnic variations com- prising modern day Romania, Bulgaria, Albania, Greece, Macedonia, Croatia, Slovenia, Serbia etc.

(ii) The inhabitants of there areas were broadly known as the Slavs. A large part of the Balkans was under the control of Ottoman Empire.

(iii) The spread of the ideas of romantic nationalism in the Balkans to- gether with the disintegration of the Ottoman Empire made this re-gion very explosive. One by one, European Subject nationalities broke away and declared their Independence.

(iv) As the different Slavic nationalities struggled to define their identity and independence, the Balkan area became an area of intense conflict. The Balkan states hope to gain more territory at the expenses of the others.

(v) During this period, there was intense rivalry among the European powers for control over this area. This further complicated the mat-ter. This led to a series of wars in the region and finally culminated in the form of First World War.

Visualizing the Nation – (Female Algory)

(i) Artists in the 18th and 19th centuries portrayed a country as if it were a person (Nations were portrayed as a Female Figure).

(ii) The female form that was chosen to personify the nation did not stand for any particular woman in real life; rather it sought to give the abstract idea of the nation a concrete form. Thus, female figure became an allegory of the nation.

(iii) In France, she was christened Marianne, a popular Christian name, which under lined the idea of the people’s nation. Similarly, Germania became the allegory of the German nation.

Frankfurt Parliament

(i) In the German regions a large number of political associations whose members were middle-class professionals, businessmen and pros- perous artisans came together in the city of Frankfurt and decided to vote for an all-German National Assembly.

(ii) On 18 May 1848, 831 elected representatives marched in a festive procession to take their places in the Frankfurt parliament convened in the Church of St Paul. They drafted a constitution for a German nation to be headed by a monarchy subject to a parliament.

(iii) When the deputies offered the crown on these terms to Friedrich Wilhelm IV, King of Prussia, he rejected it and joined other mon-archs to oppose the elected assembly.

(iv) While the opposition of the aristocracy and military became stron-ger, the social basisof parliament eroded.
The parliament was dominated by the middle classes who resisted the demands of workers and artisans and consequently lost their support.

(v) In the end troops were called in and the assembly was forced to disband.

Symbol	Meaning
Broken chains	Being freed
Breastplate with eagle	Symbol of the German empire- strength
Crown of oak leaves	Heroism
Sword	Readiness to fight
Olive branch around the sword	Willingness to make peace
Black, red and gold tricolour	Flag of the liberal-nationalists
Rays of the rising sun	Beginning of a new era

Unification of Italy

(i) Giuseppe Mazzini had played an important role in the unification of Italy. He formed a secret society called ‘Young Italy’ in Marseilles, to spread his goals. He believed Italy could not continue to be a patchwork of small states and had to be forged into a single unified republic.

(ii) During 1830’s, Mazzini sought to put together a coherent programme for a unitary Italian Republic. As uprisings in 1831 and 1848 had failed, the mantle now fell on Sardinia-Piedmont under its ruler Emmanuel II to unify Italy.
Under Chief Minister Cavour, Sardinia-Piedmont succeeded in destroying the Austrian forces in 1859.

(iii) Even Garibaldi joined the fray. In 1860, they marched into South Italy and the kingdom of the two Sicilies and with the help of the local peasants, drove out the Spanish rulers. In 1861, Victor Emmanuel II was proclaimed as King of United Italy.

Unification of Germany

In the 18th century, Germany was divided into a number of states. Some of these states ceased to exist during the Napoleonic wars. At the end of the war, there were still 39 independent states in Germany. Prussia was most powerful, dominated by big landlords known as Junkers.

Nationalist feelings were widespread among middle class Germans who had tried to unite the different regions of the German federation into a nation-state governed by an elected Parliament.

In May 1848, a large number of political associations came together to vote for an all-German National Assembly. Their representatives met at Frankfurt and the Frankfurt Assembly proposed the unification of Germany as a constitutional monarchy under the King of Prussia as emperor.

The King of Prussia rejected the offer and the liberal initiative of nation building was repressed by the combined forces of the monarchy, the military and the ‘Junkers’.

Then on, Prussia under its Chief Minister Otto Von Bismarck led the movement for unification of Germany. Bismarck carried out this process with the help of the Prussian army and the bureaucracy. He fought three wars over seven years with Denmark, Austria and France. Prussia was victorious in all these wars and the process of unification was completed as a result of Prussia’s victory over France.

Consequently, on 18th January 1871, an assembly comprising of princes of German States, representatives of the army, important Prussian ministers and Bismarck gathered in the Palace of Versailles and proclaimed the Prussian King, Kaiser William, the new German Emperor.

Nationalism and Imperialism

Last quarter of the 19th century nationalism became a narrow creed with limited ends, Intolerance Balkan became the sense of big power rivalry Nationalism, aligned with imperialism cause of World War I. Idea of a Nationalism was now same everywhere . But concept of National State was accepted universally.

NCERT Solution Class 10th History All Chapters Notes

Chapter – 1 The Rise of Nationalism in Europe

Chapter – 2 Nationalism in India

Chapter – 3 The Making of Global World

Chapter – 4 The Age of Industrialisation

Chapter – 5 Print Culture and the Modern World

NCERT Solution Class 10th History All Chapters Question & Answer

Chapter – 1 The Rise of Nationalism in Europe

Chapter – 2 Nationalism in India

Chapter – 3 The Making of Global World

Chapter – 4 The Age of Industrialisation

Chapter – 5 Print Culture and the Modern World