NCERT Solutions Class 12th Economics (India Economic Development) Chapter – 5 Human Capital Formation Notes In English

NCERT Solutions Class 12th Economics (India Economic Development) Chapter – 5 Human Capital Formation

NCERT Solutions Class 12th Economics (India Economic Development) Chapter – 5 Human Capital Formation

?Chapter – 5?

✍Human Capital Formation✍

Notes

Human capital refers to the stock of knowledge, educ skills, abilities, ation, motivation and health found in a country at a particular point of time.

 Human capital formation – is the process by which the abilities, skills, education and experience of the people of a country are increased in the long run.

 sources of human capital formation 

1. expenditure on education.
2 . Expenditure on skill development.
3. On -the-job training
4 . Expenses on relocation of people.
5. Expenditure on information.
6. expenditure on health.

 Problems of Human Capital Formation in India 

1. Heavy and rapidly increasing population pressure.
2 . insufficient resources .
3. The problem of talent drain.
4. Lack of proper management of human resource.
5. Lack of quality technical and management education.
6. Inadequate development of health services.

Role of human capital in the economic growth of the country 

1. Increases the level of efficiency and productivity.
2 . Brings positive change in attitude and behavior.
3. Increases research and technological improvements.
4. Increases life expectancy.
5. Raises the standard of living.

 Role of Education in Human Development 

1) Education increases the productivity and creativity of the people.
2) Education makes good citizens.
3) Education helps in proper use of the resources of the country.
4) Helpful in the development of science and technology.
5) Helpful in the development of the personality of the people
6) Helpful in the development of skills.

 Human Capital Formation in India 

1) Human capital formation is both the goal and means of economic development. Human resource development in India has been included in the Directive Principles of Policy of the Constitution.

2) Ministry of Education, NCERT (National Council of Educational Research and Training), UGC (University Grants Commission), AICTE (All India Council for Technical Education) at the Central and State levels of India.

3) The Ministry of Health and ICMR (Indian Council of Medical Research) regulate the health sector in India at the central and state levels.

4) Availability of drinking water and provision of sanitation facilities is the basic requirement of a healthy life. State governments and urban local bodies are responsible for providing such facilities to the urban population. The responsibility of providing pure drinking water in rural areas has been entrusted to the Department of Drinking Water Supply under the Ministry of Rural Development.

 Development of Education Sector in India – Education is a major factor in the social and economic development of the country. A good education system not only produces skilled and trained persons, but it also promotes science and technology. The development of the education sector in India can be depicted as follows.

1. elementary education 

i) Elementary education is a combination of primary and middle school education.

ii) Number of primary and middle schools in the year 1950-51 2. 23 lakh, which increased in 2010-11 to 12. 96 lakhs.

iii) Now elementary education (classes 1 to 8) has been made free and compulsory for the children of 6-14 years.

iv) Various related to elementary education are as follows –
(A) Mid Day Meals Scheme (1995), District Primary Education Program (1991), Sarva Shiksha Abhiyan (2000), Right to Free and Compulsory Education (2009) etc.

 2 . secondary education 

, ) In the year 1950-51, there were 7400 secondary schools in the country in which the number of students was 14. was 8 lakhs. In the year 2009-10, the number of secondary schools increased to 1. 90 lakhs and the number of students reached 441 lakhs.

ii) The following institutions are working for the expansion of secondary education sector
A) Navodaya and Kendriya Vidyalayas (NVS and KVS)
B) National Council of Educational Research and Research (NCERT)
C) Commercialization of Secondary Education
D) Technical, Medical and Agricultural Education

 3. Higher education 

i) Higher education includes universities, colleges, vocational and technical educational institutions.

ii) After independence, there has been a lot of improvement in the field of higher education. About 749 (as on 31st March, 2016) universities are providing higher education in the country. Of these, 46 are central universities, 345 are state universities, 123 are deemed universities and 235 are private universities. The number of colleges in the country is about 37704 (2012-13).

iii) The main structures working in the field of higher education are as follows

A) University Grants Commission (UGC)
B) Indira Gandhi Open University (IGNOU)
C) All India Council for Technical Education (AICTE)
D) Indian Council of Medical Research (ICMR)

 Problems related to the development of education in India 

1) Large numbers of illiterate persons.
2) Inadequate vocational and technical education.
3) Effect of gender discrimination.
4) Low level of access in rural areas.
5) Less expenditure by the government on the development of education.