NCERT Solutions Class 12th English Flamingo Chapter – 5 Indigo Question & Answer

NCERT Solutions Class 12th English Flamingo Chapter – 5 Indigo

NCERT Solutions Class 12th English Flamingo Chapter – 5 Indigo

?Chapter – 5?

✍ Indigo✍

?Question & Answer?

Understanding the text

Question 1. Why do you think Gandhi considered the Champaran episode to be a turning point in his life?
?‍♂️Answer – Gandhi went to Champaran in 1917 and it was then that he decided on insisting that the British leave India. It was there that he raised his voice against the injustice of the landlord system in Bihar and also freed the peasants from their fear. First, he defied the secretary of the British landlords’ association, who refused to give information to an “outsider”. Next, he refused to leave Tirhut division in which the Champaran district lay despite being told to do so. He also arranged a gathering of peasants in huge numbers which was the beginning of their freedom from fear of the British.

The officials felt powerless without Gandhi’s cooperation. This was his proof that the power of the Englishmen could be challenged by the Indians.The peasants realized that they had rights and it was their first lesson in courage. Soon, within a few years, the British planters returned the estates to the peasants. This was the end of indigo sharecropping in India.

Through the Champaran incident, Gandhi declared for the first time that the British could not order Indians in their own country. He, through personal example, was able to motivate the masses into civil disobedience and teach them to be self-reliant.

Question 2. How was Gandhi able to influence lawyers? Give instances.
?‍♂️Answer – The Muzzafarpur lawyers called on Gandhi in Champaran to brief him about their cases and talked about the fees they charged the sharecroppers. Gandhi reprimanded the lawyers for charging the poor sharecroppers hefty sums of money. He also said that freedom from fear would help the sharecroppers more than merely taking such cases to court.

When Gandhi courted arrest, he assembled Rajendra Prasad, Brij Kishor Babu, Maulana Mazharul Hut and several other prominent lawyers from Bihar. He asked them what they would do if he was sentenced to prison. A senior lawyer replied that they had come to him for advise and help, and if he went to jail, there would be nobody to advise them. They felt that if Gandhi being a complete stranger was prepared to go to prison for the sake of the peasants, then it would be a shameful desertion if they, not only as residents of the adjoining districts but also as those who claimed to have served these peasants, should go home. They went back to Gandhi and told him they were ready to follow him into jail.

Question 3. What was the attitude of the average Indian in smaller localities towards advocates of “home rule”?
?‍♂️Answer – Gandhi, on his way to Champaran, decided to meet J B Kripalani of the Arts College in Muzzafarpur, whom he had seen at Tagore’s Shantiniketan school. The train reached there at midnight on 15 April 1917. Gandhi stayed there for two days in the home of Professor Malkani, a teacher in a government school. This was an extraordinary thing in those days. It was highly unlikely that a government professor would give shelter to a rebel like him, for fear of termination from service by the government. In smaller regions, the Indians were afraid to show compassion for the supporters of home-rule.

Question 4. How do we know that ordinary people too contributed to the freedom movement?
?‍♂️Answer – The author mentioned several ordinary people who contributed to the home-rule movement in different capacities.
On his way to Champaran, in Muzzafarpur, Gandhi stayed in Muzzafarpur for two days in the home of Professor Malkani, a teacher in a government school. For a government servant, Malkani, showed a great deal of courage by giving shelter to a person who was fighting for home-rule.

In Champaran, at the railway station, there was a crowd to greet Gandhi. Motihari was also teeming with peasants, though they did not know about Gandhi’s achievements. But, their gathering in huge numbers was the beginning of their freedom from fear of the British. This was the proof that the power of the British could be challenged by Indians. The lawyers, after meeting Gandhi, assured him that they would court arrest. Civil disobedience—a movement of the people—won for the first time in modem India.

Gandhi and the lawyers then conducted a detailed enquiry into the grievances of the farmers. They prepared cases for about ten thousand peasants and collected relevant documents. The masses helped Gandhi, who was not satisfied with only political or economic solutions. What concerned him was the cultural and social backwardness in Champaran. He requested teachers to educate the masses. Two young men Mahadev Desai and Narhari Parikh and their wives, volunteered to do this work. Several more including Devadas, Gandhi’s youngest son, joined in. Kasturba Gandhi, too, taught personal cleanliness and community sanitation. Volunteers from amongst the masses rendered unflinching support.

 Indigo Talking about the text

Discuss the following.

Question 1. “Freedom from fear is more important than legal justice for the poor.” Do you think that the poor of India are free from fear after Independence?
?‍♂️Answer – As the rich and well-heeled made preparations to ring in the new year in style across a new, shining India, a wave of revulsion swept through the country after the report of mass killings in a sleepy, poor housing area. This was in Nithari, no more than eighteen miles from the capital, Delhi, and in one of India’s most prosperous and upcoming districts, Noida. Violent death involving such larger numbers is not so rare in India, especially where the poor are concerned. Nithari provoked a different response, because this case illustrates best the most barbaric and basic truth about the Indian state.

The incident reveals how the country’s poor is still under the threat of injustice. It is one example of how the poor and weak have just no place in the Indian system. It also deeply concerns how the Indian media has been sucked into covering the relatively more mundane, but sensational issues. The media had heard of reports of children disappearing but no one took the trouble to take up the issue. The inefficiency of the police is just a cover- up as this could never have happened if the victims belonged to a rich or middle-class neighbourhood.

Speaking to a BBC Hindi service show, one of India’s most celebrated police officers, Kiran Bedi, said that the Nithari case was an example of how, for the common man in the country, there is no police or justice system. “The system needs to be completely overhauled and wide-ranging reforms are needed in the police structure,” she said.

But only police reforms are insufficient, the entire system and attitudes desperately need to be reformed. India’s economic prowess and potential is much talked about but can we say with the same degree of optimism that there will not be another Nithari, when India does realise its dreams?

Question 2. The qualities of a good leader.
?‍♂️Answer –

• Integrity
• Self knowledge
• Commitment
• Consistency of purpose
• Willingness to admit a mistake
• Ability to listen
• Openness to change
• Decisiveness
• Ability to go the extra mile
• Enthusiasm
• Awareness
• Positive Communication
• Dynamism
• Impartial approach

 Indigo Working with words

Question 1. List the words used in the text that are related to legal procedures.
For example: deposition
List other words that you know that fall into this category.
?‍♂️Answer – The words used in the text that are related to legal procedures are:
proceedings, brief, cases, agreements, notice, summons, prosecutor, pleading, pronounce sentence, bail, court, reconvened, judgment, sentenced, entreaty, evidence, defenders, trial, deposition, etc.

Indigo Extra Questions and Answers

Indigo Short Answer Questions

Answer the following briefly.

Question 1. When and where did Louis Fischer first meet Gandhi? What did they talk about?
?‍♂️Answer – Louis Fischer served as a volunteer in the British Army between 1918 and 1920. He wrote a book on Gandhi named ‘The Life of Mahatma Gandhi’. He met Gandhi when he first visited him, in 1942, at his ashram in Sevagram, in central India. That was the time when Gandhi told him how he had decided to urge the departure of the British from India, in 1917.

Question 2. Why was Gandhi in Lucknow in 1916? What happened there that was to change the course of Indian history?
?‍♂️Answer – In December 1916, Gandhi had gone to the annual convention of the Indian National Congress in Lucknow, where there were 2,301 delegates and many visitors. There, he met with a poor peasant, Rajkumar Shukla from Champaran. Shukla pleaded with Gandhi to visit his hometown and brought to Gandhi’s notice the miserable plight of the indigo farmers. This fuelled his campaign in 1917 to drive out the British from India.

Question 3. How did Rajkumar Shukla decide to meet Gandhi?
?‍♂️Answer – Rajkumar Shukla was one of the many sharecroppers of Champaran. He was illiterate but resolute. He had been advised to go to the Congress session to complain to Gandhi about the injustice of the landlord system in Bihar. He was told that Gandhi could help them. He followed Gandhi through his travels and stayed with him in the ashram till Gandhi promised to accompany him for the cause of the poor peasants.

Question 4. What episode in Patna showed Gandhi the existence of a rigid caste system?
?‍♂️Answer – Shukla took Gandhi to Patna. He led him to the house of a lawyer, Rajendra Prasad, who was out of town, but the servants recognized Shukla as a poor indigo peasant. They let him and his companion, Gandhi, stay on his premises but forbade them to draw water from the well. They presumed Gandhi to be another peasant and treated him as an untouchable. Gandhi was made aware of the menace of the caste system.

Question 5. What was Gandhi’s first step to help Rajkumar Shukla and the indigo sharecroppers?
?‍♂️Answer – Gandhi decided, first, to go to Muzzafarpur en route to Champaran, to obtain more information about the prevailing conditions of the indigo sharecroppers. He, consequently, sent a telegram to Professor J.B. Kripalani of the Arts College in Muzzafarpur, whom he had seen at Tagore’s Shantiniketan school requesting a meeting.

Question 6. Why was Gandhi’s stay with Professor Malkani an astonishing experience?
?‍♂️Answer – Gandhi stayed for two days in the home of Professor Malkani, a teacher in a government school. It was unlikely for a government professor to provide shelter to a rebel like Gandhi for fear of termination from service by the government. In smaller localities, the Indians were afraid to show sympathy for the advocates of home-rule. Professor Malkani’s defiance to fall in line revealed his sympathy for the movement.

Question 7. Why did Gandhi decide against taking the cases of the sharecroppers to the court of law?
?‍♂️Answer – When Gandhi reached Muzzafarpur, the lawyers told him about their cases and revealed how they charged ‘ the peasants hefty sums of money as fees. Gandhi reprimanded the lawyers and discouraged them from charging the sharecroppers. He said taking such cases to the courts would do no good. He felt that because the peasants were so crushed and fear-stricken, the law courts were useless. The real relief to them would be to free them from fear.

Question 8. How was Gandhi’s visit to Champaran viewed by the peasants?
?‍♂️Answer – Gandhi decided to visit Muzzafarpur, en route to Champaran, to obtain more information about the situation at Champaran. The news of Gandhi’s arrival and his initiative spread through Muzzafarpur and reached Champaran. Though they did not know of Gandhi’s record in South Africa, they gathered in multitudes to see him. These sharecroppers from Champaran began arriving on foot to see the man who had come to champion their cause.

Question 9. What was the problem of the sharecroppers in Champaran?
?‍♂️Answer – Most of the agricultural land in the Champaran district was divided into large estates that were owned by Englishmen. They engaged Indian tenants to work on their lands. The landlords forced all tenants to plant . fifteen per cent of their holdings with indigo and surrender the entire indigo harvest as rent. With Germany developing synthetic indigo, the British duped the sharecroppers into entering an agreement where they were required to pay them compensation for being released from the fifteen per cent arrangement. Some peasants signed it, while others engaged lawyers to get their money back. The landlords hired thugs to fight them.

Question 10. What was the stand of the Englishmen on indigo farming? What was the reaction of the peasants?
?‍♂️Answer – The English landlords learned that Germany had developed synthetic indigo. They forced the sharecroppers to enter an agreement whereby they were required to pay them compensation for being released from the fifteen per cent arrangement. Many peasants signed it. Some of them resisted and engaged lawyers. The landlords hired thugs to get their way. When the information about synthetic indigo reached the peasants who had signed the agreement, they wanted their money back. They arranged for Gandhi to intervene on their behalf but he was met with resentment from the government who tried their best to dissuade him from taking up this cause, by forcing him to leave Champaran.

Question 11. It was not easy for Gandhi to get information about the agreement with the peasants. Why?
?‍♂️Answer – Gandhi first visited the secretary of the British landlords association to collect information about the agreement with the peasants, they refused to give information to an “outsider”. The British official commissioner of the Tirhut division, in which the Champaran district lay, bullied him, and advised him to leave Tirhut. Gandhi refused to leave.

Question 12. What was the treatment meted out to Gandhi in Motihari? What was the reaction to Gandhi refusing to obey the order to quit Champaran?
?‍♂️Answer – Gandhi was accompanied by several lawyers to Motihari. There he got news that a peasant had been maltreated in a nearby village. Gandhi decided to go and meet him, but on his way, the police ordered him to return to town and Gandhi agreed. He was then asked to quit Champaran but Gandhi declared that he would disobey the order.

Question 12. On his refusal to quit Champaran, Gandhi received summons to appear in court the next day.
?‍♂️Answer – He telegraphed Rajendra Prasad to come from Bihar with his influential friends. He sent instructions to the ashram. He wired a full report to the Viceroy. By morning, Motihari was full of peasants. They demonstrated around the courthouse when Gandhi was summoned to court. This was the beginning of their liberation from fear of the British. The officials felt powerless without Gandhi’s cooperation. Gandhi finally helped them regulate the crowd.

Question 13. How did the gathering of peasants in Motihari help them tremendously?
?‍♂️Answer – The peasants who had collected in Motihari did not know Gandhi’s achievements in South Africa. They knew that a Mahatma who wanted to help them was in trouble with the authorities. Their unplanned demonstration, in thousands, around the courthouse was the beginning of their freedom from fear of the British. Thus, Gandhi knew that this was a leap in the right direction and would go a long way in helping them achieve home-rule.

Question 14. How did Gandhi’s non-cooperation affect the officials?
?‍♂️Answer – The peasants demonstrated in large numbers to lend support to Gandhi outside the courthouse in Motihari. The officials felt helpless without Gandhi’s cooperation to bring the crowd under control. Gandhi cooperated with them and helped regulate the crowd. He was polite and friendly. He gave British proof of how they could be challenged by Indians. The government was bewildered. The authorities wished to consult their superiors.

Question 15. What was Gandhi’s advice to the lawyers that made them champion peasants rights?
?‍♂️Answer – The prominent lawyers told Gandhi that they had come to advise and help him. When Gandhi talked to them about the injustice to the sharecroppers, the lawyers realized that Gandhi was a complete stranger and yet he was prepared to go to prison for the peasants. On the other hand, if they, being residents of the adjoining districts, and having claimed to have served these peasants, should go home, it would be a shameful desertion. They promised to join in Gandhi’s efforts and follow him to jail to win the cause.

Question 16. Why did Gandhi say, “The battle of Champaran is won”? Was it true?
?‍♂️Answer – When the lawyers told Gandhi that they were ready to follow him into jail, Gandhi exclaimed that the battle of Champaran was won. He divided the group into pairs and decided the order in which each pair was to court arrest. Several days later, Gandhi received a written communication from the magistrate informing him that the case against him was to bedropped. This gave them their first victory against the injustice at Champaran.

Question 17. Why did Gandhi compromise to break the deadlock between the sharecroppers and planters?
?‍♂️Answer – The Lieutenant Governor appointed an official commission of enquiry into the indigo sharecroppers’ situation. Gandhi was the sole representative of the peasants. The sharecroppers thought Gandhi would ask for repayment of the money which the landlords had illegally extorted from them. However, he asked for only fifty per cent of the amount, but later agreed to a twenty-five per cent refund. He said that the refund was less important than the fact that the landlords had surrendered a part of the money and were brought down from their pedestal. The landlords were made to realize that they were not beyond the reach of law.

Question 18. What were Gandhi’s chief concerns? How did he address them?
?‍♂️Answer – Gandhi was keen to assist in the improvement of the cultural and social conditions of the villages. He appealed to teachers and other young people to act as volunteers. People were educated in personal cleanliness and community sanitation. He looked into the health conditions of the community and medicines were made available to the people.

Question 19. Who helped Gandhi in his endeavour to uplift the backward people?
?‍♂️Answer – Mahadev Desai and Narhari Parikh, two young men and their wives volunteered to serve the community of Champaran. Several others arrived from Bombay, Poona, and other distant parts of the land. Devadas, Gandhi’s youngest son, and his wife, Kasturba Gandhi, played a pivotal role in helping him fight backwardness. Primary schools were opened in six villages. Kasturba taught the ashram rules on personal cleanliness and community sanitation.

Question 20. Why was the Champaran episode a turning point in Gandhi’s life?
?‍♂️Answer – The Champaran episode was a turning point in Gandhi’s life. It was during his fight for justice for the Champaran peasants that he declared that the British could not order him about in his own country. It grew out of his attempt to alleviate the distress of large numbers of poor peasants. The Champaran episode made Gandhi launch a movement that finally drove out the British from India.

Question 21. Gandhi was not a politician but his political principles were intertwined with the practical problems of the Indians. Justify.
?‍♂️Answer – Gandhi’s political principle was aligned with the day-to-day problems of the masses. He was not loyal to his principles alone, he endeavoured to work towards the greater good of human beings. Champaran was a typical pattern of Gandhi’s politics. It did not begin as an act of defiance but as an effort to help the destitute.

Indigo Long Answer Questions

Question 1. Rajkumar Shukla unwittingly played an important role in freeing the peasant community in India. Discuss.
?‍♂️Answer – Rajkumar Shukla met Gandhi in December 1916, when he had gone to attend the annual convention of the Indian National Congress in Lucknow. He informed Gandhi about the injustice of the indigo sharecropping arrangement that preyed on the poor Champaran peasants. He informed him about the injustice of the landlord system in Bihar.

Though Rajkumar was illiterate, he was resolute to convince Gandhi to take up their cause. He accompanied Gandhi to Kanpur and other parts of India and to his ashram near Ahmedabad, and for weeks he never left Gandhi’s side. Finally, when Gandhi went to Calcutta, Rajkumar Shukla convinced him to visit Champaran.

Question 2. Give a detailed account of the problem of sharecroppers in Champaran.
?‍♂️Answer – In Champaran, most of the arable land was owned by Englishmen who had engaged Indian tenants to cultivate their lands. The landlords of the area compelled all tenants to plant fifteen per cent of their holdings with indigo, the chief commercial crop, and surrender the entire indigo harvest as rent. This was done by long-term contract. When the landlords learned that Germany had developed synthetic indigo, they forced the sharecroppers to enter into an agreement to rake in compensation to free them of their fifteen per cent arrangement. Many peasants signed it willingly. Those who resisted, engaged lawyers but the landlords hired thugs to beat them into accepting their terms. Meanwhile, the information about synthetic indigo reached the illiterate peasants, and they demanded their money back.

Question 3. What was the first order of the British government that Gandhi refused to obey?
?‍♂️Answer – In Bihar, to find out about the sharecropping arrangement, Gandhi first visited the secretary of the British
landlords’ association. The secretary refused to give information to an “outsider”. Next, the British commissioner of Tirhut asked him to leave Tirhut, which he did not. Instead, he proceeded to Motihari, accompanied by several lawyers. There he heard that a peasant had been maltreated in a nearby village. Gandhi decided to go and see him but he was interrupted by the police superintendent’s messenger who ordered him to return. Gandhi agreed but the messenger who drove him home served him with an official notice to quit Champaran immediately. Gandhi signed a receipt for the notice and wrote on it that he would disobey the order.

Question 4. Why did the officials feel powerless without Gandhi’s cooperation? How did they react?
?‍♂️Answer – When Gandhi was summoned to appear in court, he telegraphed Rajendra Prasad to come with his influential friends. The town of Motihari was filled with peasants, who had come because they had heard that the Mahatma, who wanted to help them, was in trouble with the authorities. The demonstration, in thousands, was the first step toward their liberation from fear. The officials felt powerless without Gandhi’s cooperation.

He helped them regulate the crowd. He proved that their might could be challenged by Indians. The government was taken aback and wanted to consult their superiors. The prosecutor requested the judge to postpone the trial but Gandhi protested against the delay. He read a statement stating that he was guilty of flouting the law but he expressed no regret for helping the cause of the poor peasants. He also refused to furnish bail and was eventually released without bail.

Question 5. Civil disobedience had triumphed for the first time in modem India. When was it?
?‍♂️Answer – Gandhi received summons to appear in court when he defied the order to leave Motihari. By morning, the peasants demonstrated to lend Gandhi support. Their spontaneous demonstration in thousands, around the courthouse was the beginning of their liberation from fear of the British. The officials were powerless and had to seek Gandhi’s help to regulate the crowd.

Several prominent lawyers from Bihar came to confer with Gandhi about his impending sentence. Gandhi convinced them to lend their voice and support to the sharecropping cause. The lawyers promised to follow Gandhi into jail. Gandhi viewed the support of the countrymen as true victory. A few days later, the case against Gandhi was dropped. Civil disobedience triumphed for the first time in modem India.

Question 6. Cultural and social backwardness of the people was Gandhi’s chief concern. Explain.
?‍♂️Answer – Gandhi was never satisfied with only political or economic solutions. He wanted to rectify the cultural and social backwardness in Champaran. He appealed for teachers and social workers to serve at Champaran.
Mahadev Desai and Narhari Parikh, two of Gandhi’s disciples, and their wives, volunteered for the work.
Several other arrived from Bombay, Poona and other distant parts of the land. Devadas, Gandhi’s youngest son, and Kasturba arrived from the ashram. Primary schools were opened in six villages. Kasturba taught the ashram rules on personal cleanliness and community sanitation. Gandhi also worked towards improving the health conditions and arranged for a doctor to volunteer his services for six months. Three medicines were made available to the poor farmers—castor oil, quinine, and sulphur ointment.

Indigo Value Based Questions

Question 1. Gandhi compromised on the material terms because the peasants had gained what no money could buy. Explain.
?‍♂️Answer – Gandhi was summoned to the offices of Sir Edward Gait, the Lieutenant Governor, with whom he had four interviews and an official commission of inquiry was ordered into the indigo sharecroppers’ situation. The commission that had Gandhi as the sole representative of the peasants, gathered a lot of evidence against the big planters, and they agreed to offer refunds to the peasants. The peasants expected repayment of the money in full but Gandhi asked for only fifty per cent. When the representative of the planters offered to refund twenty-five per cent, Gandhi agreed.

Gandhi realized that the monetary benefit that he achieved for the peasants in the way of the settlement was of less significance in comparison to the spirit of liberation they had gained. He explained that the amount of the refund was less important than the fact that the landlords had been forced to surrender a part of their money and bow down to law, bridging the divide between the landowners and the poor peasants.The peasants were made aware of their rights, their plights received a voice and they were consequently . liberated from their fear of the British.

Question 2. “Self-reliance, Indian independence and help to sharecroppers were all bound together.” Justify.
?‍♂️Answer – In Champaran, the landlords forced the peasants to enter into an arrangement to relieve them of the fifteen per cent sharecropping arrangement in return for compensation. The poor peasants were duped out of their money and they were demanding a refund. They appealed to Gandhi to fight for their cause. He resisted and was produced in a court in Motihari. Peasants flocked from around the area, and turned up in thousands to offer Gandhi their support. This planted the seeds of the first civil disobedience movement in India. Gandhi finally succeeded in making the British authorities order for reimbursement to the sharecroppers.

Though the peasants were compensated in part, they won against the system of landlord and the British government. It taught them an essential lesson in self-reliance and instilled them with courage to stand against injustice and British rule. The civil disobedience movement was the first of its kind in India, and paved way for the struggle to achieve Indian independence.