NCERT Solution Class 10th Social Science History Chapter – 2 Nationalism in India Notes

NCERT Solutions Class 10th Social Science History Chapter – 2 Nationalism in India

TextbookNCERT
Class 10th
Subject Social Science (History)
Chapter2nd
Chapter NameNationalism in India
CategoryClass 10th Social Science History 
Medium English
SourceLast Doubt
NCERT Solution Class 10th Social Science History Chapter – 2 Nationalism in India Notes what is nationalism in india, nationalism in india explanation, japan’s nationalism ways of the world chapter 2 notes, nationalism, nationalist movements, guided reading nationalism in india and southwest asia.

NCERT Solutions Class 10th Social Science History Chapter – 2 Nationalism in India

Chapter – 2

Nationalism in India

Notes

List of Major Indian Event Movements [1857 to 1947]

→ India’s First Freedom Struggle took place in 1857.
→ In 1870 Bankim Chandra composed Vande Matram.
→ In 1885, Congress was formed in Mumbai. W.C. Banerjee chaired the first meeting of Congress.
→ In 1906, Aaga Khan and Nawab Salimullah establishedMuslim League.
→ In 1905, Abanindra Nath Tagore made a Portrait of Bharat Mata.
→ In 1905, Lord Curzon proposed the division of Bengal.
→ In 1907, Congress was divided into extremists and moderate.
→ In 1911, Delhi Durbar was organized.
→ Bengal Division was abolished in Delhi Durbar.
→ In 1915, Mahatama Gandhi returned to India.
→ In 1914, First World War started.
→ In Delhi Durbar capital was transferred from (Calcutta) Kolkatta to Delhi.
→ In 1917, Mahatma Gandhi started Champaran Satyagrah in Protest of Indigo plantation.
→ In 1917, Mahatma Gandhi organized Satyagrah for farmers in Kheda Gujarat.
→ In 1918, Mahatma Gandhi started Satyagrah for Craftsman of Cotton Textile mill Gujarat.
→ In 1919, British Government gave Rawlatt Act.
→ The British Government turned down the demand of Self rule of Indian.
→ 1918, the first World War ended.On 13 April 1919, Jallianwala Bagh massacre took Place in Punjab.
→ In 1919, the Khilafat movement was started by Muhammad Ali and Shaukat Ali.
→ In 1920, MahatamaGandhi started non- cooperation movement.
→ In 1928, Simon Commission came to India. Lala Lajpart Rai was killed while protesting.
→ on August 9, 1925 revolutionaries in Kakori looted the train carrying English treasure.
→ In 1922, Mahatma Gandhi withdrew the non-cooperation movement after the violence took place at Chauri-chaura.
→ on April 8, 1929 Bhagat singh and Batukeshwar Dutt threw a bomb in the assembly.
→ on 12 March 1930, Mahatma Gandhi started the march from Sabarmati to Dandi.
→ on 6 April 1930, Mahatma Gandhi broke the Salt Law and started Civil-disobedience Movement at Dandi.
→ In 1931 Gandhi-Irwin pact was signed and Civil disobedience movement was suspended.
→ On 23rd March 1931, Bhagat Singh, Sukhdev and Rajguru was hanged.
→ In 1930, Dr. Ambedkar organized Scheduled caste into depressed Classes Association.
→ In 1931, Mahatma Gandhi participated in Second round table conference but did not get expected success.
→ In 1932, Poona Pact was signed between Mahatma Gandhi and Dr. Ambedkar.
→ In 1933, Choudhary Rahmat Ali first coined the idea of Pakistan.
→ In 1940, A resolution was passed by muslim League for seprate homeland for muslims named Pakistan.
→ 1939 World war II was started.
→ In 1935, Indian Government Act was passed and regional government was formed.
→ In 1942, the Quit India movement was started by Mahatma Gandhi. He gave the slogan ‘Do or Die’.
→ IN 1945, USA dropped nuclear Bomb on Japan and Second World War was ended.
→ In 1946, Cabinet Mission came to India with the proposal of constituent assembly.
India became independent on August 15th, 1947

Some Intersting Facts –

(i) At the time when India was free, Britain’s Prime minister was Clement Atlee.
(ii) Subhash Chandra Bose gave the slogan “Give me Blood, I will give you freedom” and “Delhi Chalo”.
(iii) Bal Gangadhar Tilak gave the slogan “Swaraj is my birth right and I shall have it”.
(iv) Ram Prasad Bismil gave the slogan “Sarfaroshi ki tamanna ab hamare dil main hai, dekhna hai zor kitna baazu-e-katil main hain”.
(v) Bhagat Singh gave the slogan “Inqlaab zindabad”.
Nationalism in India – Nationalism refers to the feeling of oneness and common consciousness that energes when people living in a common territory share the same historical, political and cultural back grounds. People may be speaking different languages (as in case of India) but the love for their na-tion keeps them together.

Factors that led to the rise of Nationalism

(i) In Europe
(ii) In colonies like India, Vietnam

1. In Europe – Associated with the formationa of nation states.

2. In colonies like India, Vietnam – Connected to the anticolonial movement.
The first world war, Khilafat and Non-Copperation

1. Effect of first world war on India and Post war condition.
2. Creation of a new economic and political situation.
3. Huge increase in defence expenditure financed by war loans and by increaring the taxes.
4. Custom duties raised, income tax introduced.
5. Forced recruitment for British Army.
6. Shortage of food due to crop failure.
7. Influnza epidemic, famine which resulted in the death of million of people.
The Idea of Satyagraha – It was a new mode of struggle based on truth and non violence.

Key featurs of Satyagraha

1. If the cause was true and the struggle was against injustice, then physical force is not necessary to fight the oppressor.
2. Satyagrahi can win the battle through non-violence without seeking revenge or being aggresive.
3. By appealing to the conscience (inner voice) of the oppressor, he/she can be persuaded to see the truth and end injustice.
Gandhiji’s early experiments in Satyagraha

(1) 1917, Champaran (Bihar) to lead indigo Peasants against oppressive plantation system.
(2) 1917, Kheda (Gujarat) to support peasant for relaxation in revenue collection.
(3) 1918, Ahmedabad (Gujarat) to support cotton mill workers.
Rowlatt act 1919

(1) Provision
(i) Allowed detention of political prisoners without trial for 2 years

(2) Why Unfair
(i) An Attack on civil liberties of Indians.
(ii) It was passed despite the opposition of Indian members.

(3) Aims
(i) To repress political activities in India.

(4) Consequences
(i) An all India Hartal planned by Mahatma Gandhi on 6 April 1919 against this unjust law.
(ii) Rallies were orgainsed in various cities.
(iii) Workers went on strike in railway workshops
(iv) Shops closed down.
(v) Local leaders were picked up from Amritsar
(vi) Attacks on banks, post offices and railways.
Jallianwala Bagh Incident

Main Events: Took place on 13 April 1919 in the city of Amritsar.

(i) A large crowd mainly villegers had gathered in the enclosed ground of Jallianwala bagh to protest against the repressive measures of British govt. like Rawlatt act.
(ii) Being from outside the city, villagers were unaware the meeking was illegal as martial law had been imposed.
(iii) General Dyer entered the area, blocked the exit points, opened fire on the crowd, killing hundreds.
Impact of Jallianwala Bagh

(i) Crowds took to the streets in many North Indian towns.
(ii) There were strikes, clashes with the police, attacks ongovernment buildings.
(iii) British government became more brutal, people were humiliated and terrorised.
(iv) Satyagrahis were forced to rub their nose on the ground, crawl on the streets, do salaam (Salute) to all sahibs (British).
(v) People were flogged villages in Punjab around Gujranwala were bombed.
Seeing violence spread, Mahatma Gandhi called off the Rowlatt satyagraha movement.

Khilafat Issue: The word ‘Khilafat’ comes from ‘Khalifa’ who was the ruler of ottoman Turkey as well as considered as the spiritual head of Is- lamic world. In the first world war Turkey was a part of defeated central powers. There were rumour that a harsh place treaty was going to be im-posed on the ottoman emperor. So to defend Khalifa’s position, a khilafat committee was formed in Bombay in March 1919 by Ali brothers.
Why did Mahatma Gandhi took up Khilafat Issue

(i) Mahatma Gandhi wanted to launch an all India movement more broad based affer the failure of Rowlatt Satyagraha.
(ii) He was certain that no all India movement could be organised with-out bringing Hindus and Muslims closer together so he took up the Khilafat issue.
Non Cooperation Movement

1. NON-Cooperation Movement (NON) January 1921 – February 1922(1) Why Non cooperation

(i) British rule established in India with the cooperation of Indians.
(ii) If Indians refuses to coopered it would collapse within a year.

2. Stages of the Movement

(i) Surrender of titles
(ii) Boycott of civil services, army, police, courts
(iii) a full civil disobedience campaign.

3. Sessions of the congress to start NCM

(i) September 1920 to convince other leaders (calcutta).
(ii) December 1920 (Nagpur) to adopt it.

4. Various social groups that participated

(i) In the towns: Middle Class
(ii) In the countryside: Peasants and Tribes
(iii) In plantations: Workers.

5. Twin aims of the movement

(i) To attain Swaraj
(ii) To support Khilafat issue to unite Hindus and Muslims.

6. End of the movement

(i) In February 1922, the movement was withdrawn by Gandhi Ji due to Chauri Chaura Incident.
Different strands within the Movement

• Various social groups participated in the non-cooperation move- ment but each with its own specific aspiration/demand.• The term ‘Swaraj’ meant different thing to different people.
• Each Social group participating in the movement imagined ‘Swaraj as a time when all their sufferings and troubles would be over.
Towards Civil Disobedience

• Events after the end of Non-cooperation Movement (NCM) till the launch of Civildisobedience movement.
• February 1922 withdrawl of NCM by Gandhiji.
• Conflict within the congress over the question of participating in council elections.
• Formation of ‘Swaraj Party’ by C-R Das and Motilal Nehru to fight council elections against the congress principle of ‘Boycott’ (Janu-ary 1923).
• Fall in agricultural prices and total collapse due to effect of world wide economic depression.
• Total Turmoil in countryside by 1930.
• Counstitution of Simon commission in 1927 to look into the func- tioning of the coustitutional system in India and suggest changes.
• 1928: Arrival of Simon commission in India protest and demon-strations started.
• 1929: Offering of ‘Dominion status’ by Lord Irwin.
• Rise of Radical leaders within congress like Jawahrlal Nehru and Subhash Chandra Bose who Demanded ‘Purna Swaraj’ in Lahore session of the congress 1929.
Round table Conferences – These were a series of 3 peace conferences organised by the Brit- ish government to discuss constitutional reforms in India.

Round table conferences – These were a series of 3 peace conferences organised by the British government to discuss constitutional reforms in India.

First – (Nov. 1930-Jan. 1931)
Second – (Sep.1931-Dec. 1931)
Third – (Nov-Dec. 1932)

Indian national congress attended the second roule table confer- ence only.
The Salt March and the Civil disobedience Movement (1930)

(i) Background: January 1930-Mahatma Gandhi presented 11 demands before lord Irwin.
(ii) These demands were related to different classes from Industrial- ists to Peasants.
(iii) Most important Demand-Abolition of Salt tax
(iv) Lord Irwin was not willing to negotiate.
(v) Beginning of Salt March on 12 March 1930.
(vi) 6 April 1939-breaking of salt law by manufacturing salt by boiling sea water.
This marked the beginning of civil disobedience movement.

Civil Disobedience Movement – 6 April 1930 – March 1931 (Suspended due to Gandhi Irwin Pact Relaunched in 1932, by 1934 Ended)

(1) Main Events:

(i) Breaking of Salt law in different parts of the country.
(ii) Boycott of foreign goods.
(iii) Picketing of Liquor Shops
(iv) Violation of forest laws

(2) Reaction of the British governments:

(i) Arresting of congress leaders one by one
(ii) Policy of brutal repression
(iii) Peaceful Satyagrahis were attacked
(iv) Women and children were beaten
(v) Around 100,000 arrests

(3) Participants of the movement:

(i) Rich peasants: against high revenue
(ii) Poor peasants: against high rent and high-revenue
(iii) Business classes: against colonial business policies.
(iv) Women: Moved by Gandhi ji call.
(v) Workers in some places.

(4) How was it different from Non-Cooperation:

(i) In NCM aim was ‘Swaraj’ this time “Pooma Swaraj”
(ii) In NCM breaking of laws was not involved, this time breaking of laws.
Limits of Civl disobedience movement

(i) Non participation of Dalits as for long congress had ignored the demands of scheduled castes.
(ii) Lukewarm (Not very enthusiastic) response of the muslim political organisations as they felt from the mid 1920’s the congress was coming closer to Hindu Nationalist groups like Hindu Mahasabhe.
(iii) An atmosphere of suspicion and distrust between two communi- ties.
The Sense of Collective Belonging Factors that developed the reuse of collectivebelonging and united all Indians.

Figure or image: Image of Bharat Mata first created by Bankim Chandra. This image helped people in Identifying the nation.

Folklore: Nationalists began gathering and recording folktale as they Presented our true culture and helped discover ones national Identity and restore a reuse of pride in past.

Icon and Symbols: Forex Flag: Tricolors flag (Red, Yellow, Green) first developed during Swadeshi movement (1921) in Bengal which had 8 lotuses. By 1921 Gandhi ji had designed the Swaraj Flag (Red, Green, White) carrying the flag became a symbol of defiance.

Reinterpretation of History: Many Indians began looking into the past to discover India’s great achievements and urged Indians to take pride in India’s past and struggle against British.

Song like “Vande Mataram: In 1870’s Bankim Chandra wrote “Vande Mataram’ as a hymn to the motherland and was widely sung during Swadeshi movement.
Mahatma Gandhi and the idea of Satyagraha

(i) Mahatma Gandhi returned to India in 1915 from South Africa. Gandhiji’s novel method of mass agitation is know as ‘Satyagraha’. Satyagraha emphasized truth. Gandhiji believed that if the cause is true, if the struggle is against injustice, then physical force was not necessary to fight the oppressor.

(ii) A satyagrahi can win the battle through non-violence. People, including oppressors, had to be persuaded to see the truth. Truth was bound to ultimately triumph.

(iii) Win India the first was at Champaran in 1916 to inspire plantation workers to struggle against oppressive plantation system. In 1917 Satyagraha at Kheda to support peasants.

(iv) In 1918 Satyagraha at Ahmadabad – Among the cotton mill workers.

(v) ‘Hind Swaraj’ – The famous book written by Mahatma Gandhi, which emphasized non-cooperation to British rule in India.
New economic situation created in India by the First World War

(i) Manchester imports into India declined as the British mills were busy with war production to meet the needs of the army paving the way for the Indian mills to supply for the huge home market

(ii) As the war prolonged, Indian factories were called upon to supply war needs. As a result new factories were set up, new workers were employed and everyone was made to work longer hrs.

(iii) Cotton production collapsed and exports of cotton cloth from Britain fell dramatically after the war, as it was unable to modernize and compete with US, Germany, Japan. Hence within colonies like India, local industrialists gradually consolidated their position capturing the home market.

(iv) The Rowlatt Act of 1919 – It gave the British government enormous power to repress political activities and allowed detention of political prisoners without trial for two years.
Jallianwala Bagh incident

(i) On 13th April 1919, a crowd of villagers who had come to attend a Baisakhi fair, gathered in the enclosed ground of Jallianwala Bagh. Being from outside the city, many were not aware of the martial law that had been imposed as a repressive measure.

(ii) General Dyer with his British troops entered the park and closed the only exit point without giving any warning to the assembled people and ordered the troops to fire at the crowds, killing hundreds. This brutal act of General Dyer provoked unparalleled indignation.

(iii) As the news of Jallianwala Bagh spread, crowds took to the streets in many North Indian towns. There were hartals, clashes and attacks on government buildings.

Non-cooperation programme – was adopted at Nagpur in Dec. 1920.
Effects of the Non-cooperation Movement on the economy of India

• Foreign goods were boycotted, liquor shops were picketed and foreign cloth was burnt.
• The import of foreign cloth halved between 1921-1922.
• Its value dropped from Rs 102 crore to Rs 57 crore. 
• Many merchants and traders refused to trade in foreign goods or finance foreign trade.
• People began discarding imported clothes and wearing Indian ones.
• The production of Indian textile mills and hand looms went up. Use of khadi was popularized.
Non-cooperation Movement in the countryside

(i) In Awadh, the peasants’ movement led by Baba Ramchandra was against talukdars and landlords who demanded extremely high rents and a variety of other ceases from the peasants. Peasants were forced to work in landlords’ farms without any payment (beggar). Peasants had no security of tenure, thus being regularly evicted so that they could acquire no right over the leased land.

(ii) The demands of the peasants were— reduction of revenue, abolition of beggar and social boycott of oppressive landlords.
In the Gudem Hills of Andhra Pradesh a militant guerrilla movement spread in the early 1920s against the closure of forest areas by the colonial government, preventing people from entering the forests to graze their cattle, or to collect fuel wood and fruits. They felt that their traditional rights were being denied.

(iii) For plantation workers in Assam, freedom meant the right to move freely in and out of the confined space in which they were enclosed. It meant retaining a link with the village from which they had come. Under the Inland Emigration Act of 1859, plantation workers were not permitted to leave tea gardens without permission. In fact the permission was hardly granted. When they heard of the Non-Cooperation Movement, thousands of workers defied the authorities and left for their homes.
Slowing down of Non-cooperation Movement in cities

• Khadi cloth was more expensive than mill cloth and poor people could not afford to buy it. As a result they could not boycott mill cloth for too long.
• Alternative Indian institutions were not there which could be used in place of the British ones.
These were slow to come up.
• So students and teachers began trickling back to government schools and lawyers joined back work in government courts.
Khilafat movement – Khilafat movement was started by Mahatma Gandhi and the Ali Brothers, Muhammad Ali and Shaukat Ali in response to the harsh treatment given to the Caliph of Ottoman empire and the dismemberment of the Ottoman empire by the British.
Chauri Chaura incident

• In February 1922, Gandhiji decided to launch a no tax movement. The police opened fire at the people who were taking part in a demonstration, without any provocation. The people turned violent in their anger and attacked the police station and set fire to it. The incident took place at Chauri Chaura in Uttar Pradesh.

• When the news reached Gandhiji, he decided to call off the Non-cooperation movement as he felt that it was turning violent and that the satyagrahis were not properly trained for mass struggle.

• Swaraj Party was founded by C.R. Das and Moti Lai Nehru for return to council Politics. Simon Commission 1928 and boycott. Lahore Congress session and demand for Puma Swaraj in 1929. Dandi march and the beginning of civil Disobedience movement.
Features of Civil Disobedience Movement

• People were now asked not only to refuse cooperation with the British but also to break colonial laws.
• Foreign cloth was boycotted and people were asked to picket liquor shops.
• Peasants were asked not to pay revenue and chaukidari taxes.
• Students, lawyers and village officials were asked not to attend English medium schools, colleges, courts and offices.
‘Salt March’

• On 31st January, 1930 Mahatma Gandhi sent a letter to Viceroy Irwin stating eleven demands, one of which was the demand to abolish Salt Tax. Salt was one of the most essential food items consumed by the rich and poor alike and a tax on it was considered an oppression on the people by the British Government.

• Mahatma Gandhi’s letter was an ultimatum and if his demands were not fulfilled by March 11, he had threatened to launch a civil disobedience campaign. So, Mahatma Gandhi started his famous Salt March accompanied by 78 of his trusted volunteers. The march was over 240 miles, from Gandhiji’s ashram in Sabarmati to the Gujarati coastal town of Dandi.

• The volunteers walked for 24 days, about 10 miles a day. Thousands came to hear Mahatma Gandhi wherever he stopped, and he told them what he meant by Swaraj and urged them to peace-fully defy the British. On 6th April, he reached Dandi, and ceremonially violated the law, manufacturing salt by boiling sea water. This marked the beginning of the Civil Disobedience Movement.
Who participated in the movement?

• Civil Disobedience Movement came into force in various parts of the country. Gandhiji led the salt march from Sabarmati Ashram to Dandi with his followers starting the Civil Disobedience Movement. In the countryside, the rich Patidars of Gujarat and Jats of Uttar Pradesh were active in the movement.

• As rich communities were very hard hit by the trade depression and falling prices, they became enthusiastic supporters of the Civil Disobedience Movement. Merchants and industrialists supported the movement by giving financial assistance and also by refusing to buy and sell the imported goods.

• The industrial working class of Nagpur region also participated in the Civil Disobedience Movement. Railway workers, dock workers, mineral of Chhota Nagpur, etc. participated in protest rallies and boycott campaigns.
Limits of the movement – less participation by untouchables—Ambedker for separate electorate and Poona pact of 1932, Luke warm response by some Muslim Political Organization.
Provisions of Poona pact of 1932 – Signed between Dr. Ambedkar and Gandhiji. It gave depressed classes reserved seats in central provincial councils but they were to be voted by the general electorate.
The sense of collective belonging – Though nationalism spread through the experience of united struggle but a variety of cultural processes captured the imagination of Indians and promoted a sense of collective belonging.
Use of figures or images – The identity of India came to be visually associated with the image of Bharat Mata. Devotion to the mother figure came to be seen as an evidence of one’s nationalism.
Indian folklore – Nationalists started recording and using folklore’s and tales, which they believed, gave a true picture of traditional culture that had been corrupted and damaged by outside forces. So preservation of these became a way to discover one’s national identity and restore a sense of price in one’s past.
Use of icons and symbols in the form of flags – Carrying the tricolor flag and holding it aloft during marches became a symbol of defiance and promoted a sense of collective belonging.
Reinterpretation of history – Indians began looking into the past to rediscover the glorious developments in ancient times in the field of art, science, mathematics, religion and culture, etc. This glorious time was followed by a history of decline when India got colonized, as Indian history was miserably written by the colonizers.

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